Serum Lipids and urate in Cigarette smokers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54361/Keywords:
S.TC : Serum Total cholesterol, ; LDL-C : Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C : High density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG : Triglycerides, urate.Abstract
Objective :The present study was undertaken to evaluate lipid profile and urate in apparently healthy cigarette smokers and compare it with apparently healthy non- smokers in the fasting state. Also to demonstrate the possible effect of smoking on serum lipid profile and urate concentration. Methods: The study was conducted on 50 healthy cigarettes smokers and compared with 50 healthy age and weight matched non-obese non-smokers who served as controls. Subjects in both groups were in the age range of 30-60 yrs., having no history of alcohol abuse, or diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hepatic impairment, renal disease, gout, hypouricemia, and obesity, and were neither on drugs like β-blockers, lipid lowering drugs, or thiazide diuretics. Clinical data were obtained from the history and record on questionnaire sheet. The clinical assessment was done by a medical doctor. Results: It was revealed that mean S.TC (275 ± 25 mg/dl), LDL-C (179 ± 44 mg/dl), and TG (116 ± 29 mg/dl), were significantly higher in smokers (p <0.001) as compared to non-smokers, i.e., mean S.TC (139 ± 25 mg/dl), LDL-C (89 ± 25), TG (93 ± 25). mg/dl (p <0.001) as compared to non-smokers. Mean serum HDL-C (27 ± 6 mg/dl) was significantly lower in chronic smokers (p <0.001) as compared to non-smokers, i.e., 40.0± 8 mg/dl. Mean serum Urate (5.2 ± 1.0 mg/dl) was significantly lower in chronic smokers (p <0.001) as compared to non-smokers, i.e., 6.1. ± 1.1 mg/dl. Conclusion: Smoking produces adverse effects on lipid profile and, therefore increasing the cardiovascular disease risk. On the other hand the significant low level of serum urate in smokers attributed in significant oxidative stress and hence cardiovascular disease. Cigarette smoke may be benefit in reducing hyperuricemia risk.
References
Bertteridge DJ, Morrel JM. Clinicians guide to lipids and Coronary Heart Disease. London : Chapman and Hall Medical 1998; 126 – 130.
Adlouni A, El-Messal M, Ghalim N, Saile R. Apolipoprotein and lipoprotein particles in Morocan patients with previous myocardial infarction. Int-Clin-Lab Res 1997; 27 (4) :247 – 52.
Eiserich JP, Vander Vliet A, Hendelman GJ, Halliwell B, Cross CE. Dietary antioxidants and cigarette smoke induced bimolecular damage : a complex interaction. Am J clin Nutr 1995 Dec;62 (16) : 1490 – 1500.
Muscat JE, Harris RE et al. Cigarette smoking and plasma cholesterol. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 141-7.
Simons LA, Simons J, Jones AS. The interaction of body weight, age, cigarette smoking and hormone usage with blood pressure and plasma lipids in an Australian community. Aus NZ J Med 1984; 14: 215-21.
Stalder M, Pometta B, Suenram A. Relationship between plasma insulin levels and HDL-cholesterol in healthy men. Diabetologia 1984; 21: 544-8.
Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes1988; 37: 595-607.
Wynder EL, Harris et al. Population screening for plasma cholesterol. Community based results from Connecticut. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 649-56.
Mc Call MR, Van Den Berg JJ, Kuypers FA, Tribble DL, Krauss RM, Knoff LJ, Forte TM. Modiffication of LACT activity and HDL structure; New Links between cigarette smoke and coronary heart disease risk. Arterioscler thromb 1994 Feb; 14 (2) : 248 – 53.
Halevy D, Thiery J, Nagel D, Arnold S, Erdmman E, Holfing B, Cremer P, Seidel D. Increased oxidation of HDL in patients with coronary artery disease is independent from dietary vitamin E and C. Arterioscler- Throm- Vas- Biol.1997 Jul 17 (7) :1432 – 7.
Alberg A. The influence of cigarette smoking on circulating concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients. Toxicology 2002. Nov;180(2):121-137.
Brown KM, Morrice PC, Duthie GG. Erythrocyte vitamin E and plasma ascorbate concentrations in relation to erythrocyte peroxidation in smokers and nonsmokers: dose response to vitamin E supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1997. Feb;65(2):496-502.
Maxwell SR, Thomason H, Sandler D, Leguen C, Baxter MA, Thorpe GH, et al. Antioxidant status in patients with uncomplicated insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1997. Jun;27(6):484-490.
Mathru M, Dries DJ, Barnes L, Tonino P, Sukhani R, Rooney MW. Tourniquet-induced exsanguination in patients requiring lower limb surgery. An ischemia-reperfusion model of oxidant and antioxidant metabolism. Anesthesiology 1996. Jan;84(1):14-22.
Hellsten Y, Tullson PC, Richter EA, Bangsbo J. Oxidation of urate in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22(1-2):169-174.
Leonard L. Cigarette smoking and perception about smoking and health in chat. E. Afr. Med. J 1996; 73 : 509 – 512.
Nath UR. Smoking : Third world alert. London : Oxford University press 1996; 250 – 53.
Kannel WB. Update on the risk of cigarette smoking in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J1981; 101: 319-28.
MJOS OD. Lipid effects of smoking. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 272-5
Rustogi R, Shrivastva SSI et al Lipid profile in smokers. JAPI 1989; 37 (12): 764-7
Austin MA. Plasma triglycerides and coronary heart disease. Arterio Throm 1991; 11: 2-14
Rosenson RS. Low level of HDL-cholesterol (Hypoalphalipoproteinemia). An approach to management. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153(13): 1528-40.
Berliner J, Navab M, Fogelman AM et al. Atherosclerosis: Basic mechanism-oxidation, inflammation and genetics. Circulation 1986; 5 (Supp): 5G-10G
Zimmerman M, Mc Geachie J. The effect of nicotine on aortic endothelial cell turnover. Atherosclerosis 1985; 58: 39-47.
The Expert Panel Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Arch Intern Med 1998; 148: 36-69.
Stampfer MJ, Sacks FM, Simonetta S et al. A prospective study of cholesterol apolipoproteins and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 373-80.
Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S, Vallance P. Effect of local intra-arterial NG-monomethyl-L-arginine in patients with hypertension: the nitric oxide dilator mechanism appears abnormal. J Hypertens 1992. Sep;10(9):1025-1031.
Karnath B. Smoking cessation. Am J Med 2002. Apr;112(5):399-405.
Pryor WA. Cigarette smoke radicals and the role of free radicals in chemical carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect 1997. Jun;105(Suppl 4):875-882.
The Expert Panel Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Arch Intern Med 1998; 148: 36-69.
Tsuchiya M, Asada A, Kasahara E, Sato EF, Shindo M, Inoue M. Smoking a single cigarette rapidly reduces combined concentrations of nitrate and nitrite and concentrations of antioxidants in plasma. Circulation 2002. Mar;105(10):1155-1157.
Timimi FK, Ting HH, Haley EA, Roddy MA, Ganz P, Creager MA. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998. Mar;31(3):552-557.
Dietrich M, Block G, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Traber MG, Cross CE, et al. Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke decrease some plasma antioxidants and increase gamma-tocopherol in vivo after adjustment for dietary antioxidant intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003. Jan;77(1):160-166.
Goraca A, Skibska B. Plasma antioxidant status in healthy smoking and non-smoking men. Bratisl Lek Listy 2005;106(10):301-306.
Nysoven EL. Ascorbate and urate smokers. J clin. Nut. 1995 Dec; 62 : 1490 – 1505.
Benouwitz HL. Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. New Engl J Med 1998; 319: 318-30.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Altayeb Elazomi, Sara E. Ibrahimm, Elrasheed I. Mohamed, Salah B. Bahroun, H. I. Fahelbum, Omar F. Idres (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
