Libyan Journal of Medical Research
type: channel
description: The Libyan Journal of Medical Research is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that provides a fast-track, high-quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communications, and case reports in all areas of Medical and applied Sciences. Submissions are accepted in the English language. LJMR operates under an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription fee. Please note that there is an article processing and publishing charge of 120 US Dollars for international and 500 DL for local each accepted manuscript in order for the journal to continue its high performance. All papers are subjected to a peer-review process. Moreover, with the presence of international referees, the process of decision-making on the acceptance/rejection of all submitted manuscripts will be done rapidly and to the highest standards. Articles in Libyan Journal of Medical Research are open Access Under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY). This license permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, is not changed in any way, and is not used for commercial The Libyan Journal of Medical Research has obtained the Arab Impact Factor 2024. and 2025 The journal is owned by the Libyan Medical Research Center, and the management of the journal is made by the editorial team
publisher: Libyan Medical Research Center
language: en
publication name: Libyan Journal of Medical Research
issn: 2413-6069
copyright: Open Access Policy Libyan journal of medical Research (LJMR).is an open journal, therefore there are no fees required for downloading any publication from the journal website by authors, readers, and institution. The journal applies the license of CC BY (a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license). This license allows authors to keep ownership f the copyright of their papers. But this license permits any user to download , print out, extract, reuse, archive, and distribute the article, so long as appropriate credit is given to the authors and the source of the work. The license ensures that the article will be available as widely as possible and that the article can be included in any scientific archive. Editorial Policy The publication of an article in a peer reviewed journal is an essential model for Libyan journal of medical Research (LJMR). It is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editorial, the peer reviewer and the publisher. Any manuscript or substantial parts of it, submitted to the journal must not be under consideration by any other journal. In general, the manuscript should not have already been published in any journal or other citable form, although it may have been deposited on a preprint server. Authors are required to ensure that no material submitted as part of a manuscript infringes existing copyrights, or the rights of a third party. Authorship Policy The manuscript authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution and intellectual input to the research submitted to the journal, including design, performance, interpretation of the reported study, and writing the manuscript. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the manuscript but without intellectual input should only be recognized in the acknowledg…
items: Green Tea as Anti-Diabetic: Mechanisms, Epidemiological Evidence, and Clinical Potential
items: Family History among Breast Cancer Patients Attending the National Cancer Centre in Benghazi - Cross-Sectional Study.
items: Patient-Centered Care in Resource-Limited Settings: A Critical Review of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP)
items: Effects of Virgin Olive Oil on Renal Function and Histopathological Alterations in Hyperlipidemic Rats
items: Prevalence of Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Among Schoolchildren in Zawia: A School-Based Screening Study.
items: Molecular Biomarkers and Advanced Intra-Articular Therapeutics in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
items: Strategies to Minimise Postoperative Complications in Third Molar Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors and Preventive Efficacy
items: Defective DNA Mismatch Repair as a Biomarker in Cancer Diagnosis and Immunotherapy: Review Article
items: Bilateral Circumorbital Ecchymosis and Unilateral Subconjunctival Hemorrhage Following Surgical Removal of an Impacted Maxillary Canine: A Rare Case Report
items: Pathological Alterations Associated with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Liver of Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Anthropogenically Impacted Sites in Tripoli Coast, Libya
items: Association between Drinking Water Source and Dental Caries Experience among Young Children
items: Breast Cancer Patients' Characteristics at a Tertiary Centre in Benghazi, Libya
items: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Neonatal Jaundice in Newborns Admitted to the Neonatal Unit at Zawia Medical Center (2018).
items: The Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Use in Reducing Postoperative Sequelae After Impacted Third Molar Removal: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
items: Lifestyle Behaviors and the Knowledge–Practice Gap in Chronic Disease Management Among Adults in Al-Zawiya, Libya
items: Association between Serum Ferritin and Total IgE among Pediatric Patients with Recurrent Wheeze: Hospital-based study in Libya
items: Determining The Caffeine Content of Certain Types of Coffee in Western Libya and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
items: Comparative Evaluation of Common Fixatives on Histomorphological Preservation in Mouse Tissues Using Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
items: From accident lip bite to Lesion: Traumatic Neuroma of the Lower Lip: A Rare Case Report
items: (Incidence of convulsion in pediatrics in 2024 in intensive care unit at Tobruk medical center)
items: Prospective Observational Pilot Study of Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol (Femsol) in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Tobruk, Libya
items: Retrospective Statistical Study of Chronic Kidney Disease in Children at Tripoli University Hospital
items: Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial species isolated from diarrheal stool of patients at Al-Zawiya Medicine Hospital, Libya
items: Reactive and Reparative Changes Mimicking Dysplasia: A Gynecologic Cytopathology Case Report
items: Types of Down Syndrome Disorders Diagnosed at the First International Laboratory from 2020 to 2025
items: First 48 Hours of Urine Output in Neonates: Physiological Transition, Clinical Uncertainty, and Evolving Diagnostic Perspectives
items: Occupational Radiation Exposure and Health Effects Among Medical Imaging Staff in Benghazi, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study, 2026
items: Community Awareness of Helicobacter pylori and Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Their Association with Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Cross-Sectional Study”
items: Efficacy and safety of intralesional vitamin D3 injection in wart
items: Tuberculosis trends in eastern Libya, Benghazi region, from 2021 to 2023

Green Tea as Anti-Diabetic: Mechanisms, Epidemiological Evidence, and Clinical Potential
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has reached epidemic proportions globally, necessitating the exploration of safe, cost-effective adjunctive therapies. Green tea (Camellia sinensis), particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and tea polysaccharides (TPS), has demonstrated significant antidiabetic potential across numerous experimental and clinical settings. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the multifaceted mechanisms through which green tea manages hyperglycemia. These include the potent inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes alpha-amylase and α-glucosidase, the enhancement of insulin sensitivity, and the protection of pancreatic β-cells from oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine-induced damage. Some evidence suggests that green tea consumption effectively improves fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profiles. While bioavailability and clinical inconsistencies remain challenges due to genetic polymorphisms and microbiota variations, green tea is generally considered safe for long-term consumption. In conclusion, green tea stands as a premier bio-functional beverage for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and its secondary complications. Future research should prioritize advanced delivery systems, such as nano-encapsulation, to maximise therapeutic outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Camellia sinensis
  topic: keywords
subject: EGCG
  topic: keywords
subject: GLUT4
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: α-glucosidase
  topic: keywords
subject: Gut Microbiota
  topic: keywords
subject: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabyah Ali
creator: Mustafa Almokhtar
creator: Hana Kamoka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rabyah B. Ali, Mustafa N.Almokhtar, Hana M. Kamoka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-21
publication date: 2026-07-21
starting page: 434
ending page: 448
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.64

Family History among Breast Cancer Patients Attending the National Cancer Centre in Benghazi - Cross-Sectional Study.
type: item
description: Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the breast. It is the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide, although it can also occur in men. Family history is a major risk factor for breast cancer. Familial breast cancer, defined by the clustering of cases within a pedigree, accounts for roughly 20% to 30% of all diagnoses, while high-penetrance germline mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 contribute to 5% to 10% of the total burden. Aim: To determine the percentage of family history of breast cancer among patients attending the National Cancer Centre of Benghazi. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling of all patients with files during 2023. Results: A total of 124 female patients, of whom 34% were aged 46 to 55 and 28% aged 36 to 45. The mean age of patients was 51.8 ±11.6, the minimum age was 31, and the maximum age was 81. 55% had a family history of breast cancer. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant presence of family history among breast cancer patients attending the National Cancer Centre of Benghazi. More than half of the patients (55%) reported a positive family history of breast cancer, suggesting that hereditary factors may play an important role in the occurrence of the disease among this population. These results emphasise the importance of increasing awareness about family history as a major risk factor for breast cancer and highlight the need for improved screening, early detection programs, and genetic counselling for women with a positive family history to reduce the burden of the disease.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Percentage
  topic: keywords
subject: Breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Family history
  topic: keywords
subject: Benghazi
  topic: keywords
creator: Amina Elsaid
creator: Walaa Alfalah
creator: Sondos Boker
creator: Alesawi Alesawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amina Elsaid , Walaa Alfalah, Sondos Boker , Esraa Alesawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-19
publication date: 2026-07-19
starting page: 436
ending page: 442
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.63

Patient-Centered Care in Resource-Limited Settings: A Critical Review of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP)
type: item
description: Patient-centred care (PCC) is emerging as a core principle of high-quality healthcare, where clinical decisions align with patients’ values, preferences, and sociocultural contexts. However, despite strong theoretical and some empirical backing for the impact of PCC on patient satisfaction, adherence, and clinical outcomes compared to standard care, its adoption has been erratic—especially in low- and middle-income settings. This literature review critically appraises Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) surrounding PCC, with relevance to Benghazi in Libya and the wider global context. Although healthcare professionals appear to have adequate theoretical knowledge of PCC-related principles, a persistent divide remains between what they know and how they practice in the clinical environment. Value-based models are commonly restricted by entrenched provider-driven attitudes, organisational opposition to change, and system-level so-called competing priorities that place efficiency above patient involvement. Their quality has also been impeded by practical limitations such as poor resourcing, inadequate training and lack of gold standard assessment. Various sociodemographic factors like education, age, sex, and socioeconomic status also add to KAP perspectives and resulting variations in patient experience and engagement. Generally, PCC concepts still exist conceptually in the local context, but they lack the necessary operationalisation to be effective. Educational, organisational, and policy-level interventions are needed to counter these challenges and close the gap between research and practice
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Patient-centred care
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Resource-limited settings
  topic: keywords
creator: Anas Altweel
creator: Moutaz Gebril
creator: Aram Elhashem
creator: Hwuida Maghoud
creator: Hussien Hamid
creator: Heithum Baiu
creator: Ahmed Mikael
creator: Mahmoud Aloriby
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anas M. S. Altweel, Moutaz F. Gebril, Aram Elhashem, Hwuida Kh. A. Maghoud, Hussien Hamid, Heithum S. Baiu, Ahmed. S. Mikael, Mahmoud A. Aloriby (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-16
publication date: 2026-07-16
starting page: 428
ending page: 435
doi: 10.654361/LJMR.20.2.62

Effects of Virgin Olive Oil on Renal Function and Histopathological Alterations in Hyperlipidemic Rats
type: item
description: Background: hyperlipidemias represent one of the possible factors which contribute to the aetiology, pathogenesis and establishment of renal diseases. In our present work, we are targeting to study the effect of the administration of Virgin Olive Oil at low and high doses on kidney function and histopathology in hyperlipidaemic male albino rats. Material & Methods: Male albino rats were grouped into a normal and hyperlipidemic diet, and some hyperlipidemic groups were treated with the addition of virgin olive oil at (LOW and HIGH doses). Serum kidney parameters were measured to evaluate kidney functionality. Kidneys were then excised, processed and examined for histology by staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Results: In hyperlipidemic treated animals (LOW and HIGH doses), the levels of urea concentration were significantly reduced in the two groups as compared to the other two groups (hyperlipidemic without treatment and normolipidemic). No significant differences were observed for serum creatinine levels between any of the experimental groups. Light microscopic examination of the kidneys revealed evident restoration of the kidney tissue lesions that were present in the hyperlipidemic without treatment groups, and a greater recovery effect was reported in the high dose of olive oil, with kidney tissues close to the normalised kidney tissues. Conclusion: virgin olive oil, at both doses (LOW and HIGH), protects against kidney injury resulting from hyperlipidemias in male albino rats. It improves renal tissue histopathology and lowers serum urea concentration in conditions of hyperlipidemias.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Virgin olive oil
  topic: keywords
subject: hyperlipidemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Kidney injury
  topic: keywords
subject: histopathology
  topic: keywords
subject: rats
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Aborokia
creator: Ali Aghwider
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Ali Aborokia , Ali A. Aghwider (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-12
publication date: 2026-07-12
starting page: 421
ending page: 427
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.61

Prevalence of Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Among Schoolchildren in Zawia: A School-Based Screening Study.
type: item
description: Background: Otorhinolaryngology diseases are very common, especially among school-aged children. There is increasing concern regarding school-based screening to detect subclinical cases, as many unrecognised pathologies can negatively affect children’s quality of life and academic performance. The objective of this study was to screen and assess the prevalence of otorhinolaryngological disorders among school-aged children in late childhood within a non-clinical population. Methods: This study was designed as a prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, school-based screening study conducted between 15 January and 28 February 2025, across five primary schools in Zawia City during a community health campaign organised by the Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University. The study included 233 school-aged children N = 233 who underwent ENT examination. The participants were enrolled from Grades 5 and 6, corresponding to approximately 10–12 years of age. Results: A total of 233 students were included in the clinical screening, comprising 137 males 58.8% and 96 females 41.2%. Allergic rhinitis was the most common finding, affecting 64.8% n = 151. This was followed by nasal obstruction in 60.9% n = 142 of the sample and nasal discharge in 48.1% n = 112. Middle ear pathology, particularly tympanic membrane retraction and loss of lustre, was identified in 39.1% n = 91 of students. Tonsillar hypertrophy Grade III–IV was observed in 16.8% n = 39, while adenoid facies was noted in only 4.3% n = 10 of children. A slight male predominance was observed across most findings, although no statistically significant differences were found for the majority of recorded pathologies. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of school-based screening for early detection and management of ENT conditions, particularly allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis, with special emphasis on hearing assessment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Allergic rhinitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle ear disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Nasal obstruction
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric otorhinolaryngologic disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: School-based screening
  topic: keywords
subject: Schoolchildren; Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Abeer Elsherif
creator: Zahra Balkhayr
creator: Nadia Sifennasr
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abeer M. Elsherif, Zahra A. Balkhayr, Nadia Sifennasr (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-11
publication date: 2026-07-11
starting page: 412
ending page: 420
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.60

Molecular Biomarkers and Advanced Intra-Articular Therapeutics in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
type: item
description: Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) comprise a heterogeneous spectrum of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular pathologies impacting approximately 31% of the global adult population. Traditional diagnosis relies on static imaging and subjective tactile standards, which fail to capture real-time enzymatic and metabolic changes driving tissue degradation. This systematic review synthesises recent clinical evidence to clarify diagnostic biological fluid markers, contrast long-term injection outcomes, evaluate bioengineered hybrid scaffolds, and establish definitive architectural sequencing for major craniofacial reconstructive surgery. Methods: Conducted in strict compliance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered with PROSPERO, a systematic literature search was executed across 9 international databases up to 2026. Studies were restricted to parallel-group randomised controlled trials (RCTs), prospective split-mouth trials, and longitudinal cohort studies. Methodological quality was appraised using RoB 2.0 and ROBINS-I instruments, with evidence certainty graded under the GRADE framework. Results: Eighteen core publications representing 1,540 patients were systematically compiled. Molecular mapping verified that synovial fluid pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -3, -9) serve as highly sensitive parameters reflecting active chondrocyte apoptosis. High-molecular-weight HA provides immediate physical lubrication but undergoes accelerated enzymatic washout. PRP achieves superior, durable long-term (12-month) biological modulation. The i-PRF + arthroscopy conjugate yielded the highest long-term mean difference in functional jaw mobility. For end-stage ankylosis with severe micrognathia, the simultaneous arthroplastic distraction (SAD) sequence demonstrated complete dominance. Conclusion: The management of TMDs necessitates a transition toward personalised molecular medicine and combined mechano-biological therapeutics.…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarkers; Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF
  topic: keywords
subject: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)
  topic: keywords
subject: Hyaluronic Acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Arthrocentesis; Distraction Osteogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Joint Ankylosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Omukalthum Basheesh
creator: Mohamed Abokris
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Omukalthum Alsadiq Basheesh, Mohamed Alhadi Abokris (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 406
ending page: 411
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.59

Strategies to Minimise Postoperative Complications in Third Molar Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors and Preventive Efficacy
type: item
description: Background: Third molar extraction is one of the most commonly performed oral surgical procedures and is associated with a range of postoperative complications, including pain, swelling, trismus, infection, and nerve injury. Advances in surgical techniques, diagnostic imaging, and perioperative management have introduced preventive strategies aimed at reducing postoperative morbidity and improving clinical outcomes. Objective: To evaluate current evidence regarding risk factors associated with postoperative complications following third molar surgery and to assess the effectiveness of preventive strategies reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: A nonsystematic literature review was conducted using published studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical reports. The review examined anatomical, patient-related, and surgical risk factors, as well as preventive approaches including advanced imaging, coronectomy, germectomy, minimally invasive surgical techniques, the Twin Mix local anaesthetic technique, and perioperative pharmacological management. Results: The reviewed literature indicates that postoperative complications following third molar surgery are influenced by anatomical, patient-related, and surgical factors. Major risk factors included tooth position, root morphology, proximity to vital structures, systemic health conditions, smoking, and surgical technique. Preventive strategies such as OPG and CBCT imaging, coronectomy in high-risk cases, germectomy, piezoelectric surgery, Twin Mix anaesthesia, chlorhexidine use, corticosteroid therapy, and appropriate perioperative management were associated with reduced postoperative morbidity. However, evidence regarding routine antibiotic prophylaxis remains inconsistent across studies. Conclusion: Postoperative complications in third molar surgery are multifactorial but can be minimised through comprehensive risk assessment, individualised treatment planning, and the application of evidence-bas…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Third molar extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: postoperative complications
  topic: keywords
subject: risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: preventive strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Abdesalam
creator: Abdulfatah Khmaj
creator: Mofida Khma
creator: Zakaria Khmaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed M. Ali Abdesalam, Abdulfatah B. Khmaj, Mofida R. Khma, Zakaria A. Khmaj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-01
publication date: 2026-07-01
starting page: 396
ending page: 405
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.58

Defective DNA Mismatch Repair as a Biomarker in Cancer Diagnosis and Immunotherapy: Review Article
type: item
description: The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is essential for maintaining genomic integrity by correcting base–base mismatches and insertion–deletion loops generated during DNA replication. Defects in this pathway result in microsatellite instability (MSI) and a hypermutated tumor phenotype with profound biological and clinical consequences. Over the past decade, deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) and MSI-high (MSI-H) status have emerged as robust biomarkers for cancer screening, molecular diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and prediction of response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). This narrative review summarizes the molecular biology of the MMR system, mechanisms leading to MMR deficiency, current diagnostic strategies for MSI/MMR assessment, and the pivotal role of dMMR as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy across multiple cancer types. Emphasis is placed on clinical applications, limitations, and emerging directions in precision oncology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: DNA mismatch repair
  topic: keywords
subject: Microsatellite instability
  topic: keywords
subject: dMMR
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Lynch syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: colorectal cancer
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmoud Aloriby
creator: Mohammed shultami
creator: Yousef Hasen
creator: Salem Aldrsy
creator: Soad Eldruki
creator: Omar Emhmed
creator: Abeer Amer
creator: Ahmed Mikael
creator: Hanadi Mohamed
creator: Moataz Gebril
creator: Farag Bleiblo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmoud A. Aloriby, Mohammed shultami, Yousef M.A. Hasen, Salem Aldrsy, Soad Ibrahim Eldruki, Omar Mussa Emhmed, Abeer H. Amer, Ahmed .S.Mikael, Hanadi A. Mohamed, Moataz F. Gebril, Farag A. Bleiblo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 386
ending page: 395
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.57

Bilateral Circumorbital Ecchymosis and Unilateral Subconjunctival Hemorrhage Following Surgical Removal of an Impacted Maxillary Canine: A Rare Case Report
type: item
description: Surgical extraction of impacted maxillary canines is considered a routine procedure in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. However, uncommon postoperative complications may occasionally occur even after atraumatic and properly executed surgery. This report presents a rare case of bilateral circumorbital ecchymosis associated with unilateral subconjunctival hemorrhage that developed 24 hours following surgical extraction of an impacted maxillary canine in a healthy 23-year-old patient. The procedure was performed atraumatically by an experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeon with more than 25 years of surgical experience. The surgical procedure was completed uneventfully within approximately 15 minutes, and no intraoperative complications or traumatic events were reported. Conservative management was adopted, and complete spontaneous resolution occurred without permanent sequelae. This case highlights the importance of recognizing rare postoperative vascular complications despite proper surgical technique and uneventful extraction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: : mpacted maxillary canine
  topic: keywords
subject: circumorbital ecchymosis
  topic: keywords
subject: subconjunctival hemorrhage
  topic: keywords
subject: postoperative complication
  topic: keywords
subject: oral surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: case report
  topic: keywords
creator: Maraai Orafi
creator: Yousef Salem
creator: Safa Hammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maraai Orafi, Yousef S.Z. Salem, Safa T. Hammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 280
ending page: 285
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.56

Pathological Alterations Associated with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Liver of Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Anthropogenically Impacted Sites in Tripoli Coast, Libya
type: item
description: Background: Coastal waters around Tripoli, Libya, are severely polluted by urban expansion, industrial discharges, and untreated sewage, creating conditions that threaten marine organisms and human consumers. Objectives: This preliminary study aimed to isolate and identify aquatic bacterial species from the liver of Mugil cephalus, determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated bacteria, and investigate histopathological lesions associated with bacterial stress in Mugil cephalus. Results: Gross examination revealed mild lordosis, gill marbling, severe hepatic congestion, and hemorrhages involving the liver, swim bladder, and kidneys. Histological analysis demonstrated pronounced vascular congestion, widespread vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, nuclear pyknosis, leukocyte infiltration, and activation of melano-macrophage centers in 13 out of 15 specimens (87%); unidentified parasitic structures were observed in 12 out of 15 specimens (80%). Bacteriological examination of liver tissue yielded Gram-negative isolates from all 15 samples, predominantly Aeromonas and Vibrio species, of which 12 isolates (80%) exhibited multidrug resistance. These findings suggest an association between environmental contamination, bacterial colonization, and progressive liver damage, underscoring the species’ potential role as a sentinel for antimicrobial resistance and highlighting possible zoonotic risks. Conclusion: The observed hepatic lesions may serve as valuable bioindicators for ongoing ecosystem monitoring and underscore the need for improved wastewater management and antimicrobial stewardship within a One Health framework.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mugil cephalus
  topic: keywords
subject: Histopathological Changes
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidrug-resistant Bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: Liver Pathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial Resistance, One Health
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Elbahi
creator: Shaima Mahgiubi
creator: Khawla Bukha
creator: Samira Shlayek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Asma M. Elbahi, Shaima A.M. Mahgiubi, Khawla Khirallah Bukha, Samira Ahmed Shlayek (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 374
ending page: 379
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.55

Association between Drinking Water Source and Dental Caries Experience among Young Children
type: item
description: Background: Early childhood caries remains a major public health concern influenced by multiple behavioral and environmental factors, particularly fluoride exposure through drinking water. This study investigated the association between primary drinking water source and dental caries experience among young children in Al-Zawia, Libya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 136 children aged 3–13 years. Dental caries experience was assessed using the deft index for primary dentition and the DMFT index for permanent teeth. Participants were divided into two groups according to their primary drinking water source: the study group (children consuming municipal tap water) and the control group (children consuming bottled water). Fluoride exposure was estimated based on the reported water source. Statistical analysis included independent-samples t-tests and non-parametric tests where appropriate, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean caries experience score was significantly higher among bottled water consumers (3.29 ± 2.89) compared to tap water consumers (2.00 ± 2.67). The difference was statistically significant (t = −2.18, p = 0.032). A substantial proportion of children (70.2%) exhibited caries experience greater than zero. Increasing caries severity was observed with age, particularly among children aged 5–6 years. Bottled water samples showed low fluoride concentrations (0.06–0.30 ppm), below levels considered optimal for caries prevention. Conclusion: A significant association was identified between drinking water source and dental caries experience in young children. Consumption of bottled water was associated with higher caries burden, likely due to reduced fluoride exposure compared with municipal tap water. These findings highlight the importance of adequate fluoride exposure in early childhood and support public health strategies promoting optimal fluoride intake to reduce caries risk.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Early childhood caries
  topic: keywords
subject: Bottled water
  topic: keywords
subject: Bap water
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluoride
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayah Al Tarhouni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ayah Ramadhan Al Tarhouni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 368
ending page: 373
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.54

Breast Cancer Patients' Characteristics at a Tertiary Centre in Benghazi, Libya
type: item
description: Background: The most common cancer diagnosed in women between the ages of 20 and 50 is breast cancer. Changes in risk factor profiles, improved cancer registration, and early cancer identification have all contributed to an increase in its incidence and death rates over the past three decades. Obesity increases risk in women who are postmenopausal, late menopausal, and have early menarche. At the same time, breastfeeding and physical activity may reduce risk. Although they only occur in a small percentage of instances, mutations in specific genes significantly raise the risk of breast cancer. Aim: To describe the epidemiological characteristics among breast cancer patients at a tertiary centre in Benghazi, Libya. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 105 patients diagnosed with breast cancer were included. Results: The patients were aged Mean ± SD (55.4±12.7), 84(80%) were married, 53.3% BMI ≥ 30 (Obese), 32% had not breastfed their baby, 23% nulliparous, 46% with family history of breast cancer, 31.4% used hormonal therapy, 20% of them had their menarche at an age less than 12 years and 21(20%) had menopausal age higher than 48years.Conclusion: This study reported a high percentage of risk factors that could have an association with their disease, such as obesity, family history, parity, nulliparity, and hormonal issues. The findings also highlight a notable impact of reproductive history and hormonal therapy use.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Patients
  topic: keywords
subject: Characteristics
  topic: keywords
subject: Benghazi
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Amina Elsaid
creator: Khadija Shaglouf
creator: Fatma Al Jali
creator: Sana Hamad
creator: Asmaa Boshugma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amina Elsaid , Khadija R. Shaglouf , Sana H. Hamad , Sana H. Hamad , Asmaa A. Boshugma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-18
publication date: 2026-06-18
starting page: 362
ending page: 367
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.53

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Neonatal Jaundice in Newborns Admitted to the Neonatal Unit at Zawia Medical Center (2018).
type: item
description: Background: Neonatal jaundice is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several risk factors including prematurity, neonatal sepsis, birth asphyxia, and blood group incompatibility have been associated with its occurrence. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of neonatal jaundice among newborns admitted to the neonatal unit at Zawia Medical Center, Libya. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of neonates admitted with neonatal jaundice from January to December 2018. Data regarding demographic characteristics, risk factors, bilirubin levels, treatment, and outcomes were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Among 902 neonatal admissions, 123 cases of neonatal jaundice were identified, giving a prevalence of 13.6%. The mean serum bilirubin level was 8.8 ± 3.3 mg/dL, and the mean age at presentation was 34.8 ± 20.7 hours. Prematurity (56.1%), neonatal sepsis (47.2%), and birth asphyxia (44.7%) were the leading associated factors. ABO incompatibility was identified in 19.7% of cases, while 3.5% were associated with Rh incompatibility. Most neonates recovered and were discharged (73.6%), whereas mortality occurred in 16.5%. Conclusion: Neonatal jaundice remains a common cause of neonatal morbidity in Zawia Medical Center. Prematurity, sepsis, and birth asphyxia were the most frequent associated factors. Early identification of high-risk neonates and timely management may improve neonatal outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Neonatal jaundice
  topic: keywords
subject: hyperbilirubinemia
  topic: keywords
subject: newborns
  topic: keywords
subject: prematurity
  topic: keywords
subject: sepsis
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Hibah Alkhuwaylidi
creator: Fathia Murabet
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hibah N. Alkhuwaylidi (Author); Fathia A.M. Murabet (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-18
publication date: 2026-06-18
starting page: 253
ending page: 361
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.52

The Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Use in Reducing Postoperative Sequelae After Impacted Third Molar Removal: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
type: item
description: Background: Surgical removal of impacted third molars is one of the most common procedures in oral surgery, often associated with postoperative sequelae including pain, swelling, and trismus. Corticosteroids have been widely used to minimize these complications, but there is no consensus regarding the optimal type, dosage, timing, or route of administration. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of corticosteroids in reducing postoperative sequelae after impacted third molar removal. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and other electronic databases for randomized controlled trials comparing corticosteroid use with placebo or alternative treatments in patients undergoing impacted third molar removal. The primary outcomes were pain, swelling, and trismus. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI),Results: Eight randomized controlled trials with a total of 498 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Corticosteroid use significantly reduced postoperative pain (SMD:-0.80; 95% CI: -0.98 to -0.62; p < 0.001), swelling (SMD: -0.97; 95% CI: -1.15 to -0.80; p <0.001), and trismus (SMD: -0.76; 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.58; p < 0.001) compared to control interventions. Heterogeneity was minimal across all outcomes (I² = 0.0%). Subgroup analyses suggested that dexamethasone and methylprednisolone were both effective, with dexamethasone showing slightly superior results. The submucosal route of administration demonstrated advantages in terms of clinical efficacy and patient convenience. Conclusions: Corticosteroids are effective in reducing pain, swelling, and trismus after impacted third molar removal. Preoperative administration appears to provide optimal benefits. Dexamethasone administered submucosally at a dose of 8 mg showed the most favorable outcomes. These findings support the routine use of corticoster…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: corticosteroid
  topic: keywords
subject: dexamethasone
  topic: keywords
subject: methylprednisolone
  topic: keywords
subject: third molar
  topic: keywords
subject: wisdom tooth
  topic: keywords
subject: pain
  topic: keywords
subject: swelling
  topic: keywords
subject: trismus
  topic: keywords
subject: meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Eman ALaqeeli
creator: Ahmed Mikael
creator: Nagat Bubteina
creator: Haytham Qadafi
creator: Mahmoud abdoulGawy
creator: Emna Hioussi
creator: Sana Al-Shammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Eman. H ALaqeeli, Ahmed. S. Mikael2 , Nagat Bubteina, Haytham A.K Qadafi, Mahmoud A abdoulGawy, Emna Hidoussi, Sana Mahroos Al-Shammari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-18
publication date: 2026-05-18
starting page: 345
ending page: 352
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.51

Lifestyle Behaviors and the Knowledge–Practice Gap in Chronic Disease Management Among Adults in Al-Zawiya, Libya
type: item
description: Background: Chronic diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, largely driven by modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and psychological stress. Understanding these factors at a local level is essential for improving prevention and management strategies. Objective: This study aimed to assess lifestyle-related factors, awareness, and adherence to health recommendations among adult patients with chronic diseases in Al-Zawiya City, Libya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 adult patients diagnosed with chronic diseases using a structured questionnaire. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, clinical profile, lifestyle behaviors, awareness, physician advice, and self-management practices. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied, with significance set at p < 0.05.Results: The majority of participants were female (60.0%), and diabetes was the most common condition (40.0%). More than half were physically inactive (55.3%) and 26.7% were current smokers. Although 74.7% recognized the importance of lifestyle in health and 60.0% received physician advice, only 35.3% reported regular adherence. Significant gender differences were observed in smoking (P < 0.001) and stress levels (P = 0.041). Conclusion: The study reveals a clear knowledge–practice gap among chronic disease patients. Strengthening lifestyle counseling, addressing socioeconomic barriers, and implementing gender-sensitive interventions are essential to improve disease management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chronic diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: lifestyle factors
  topic: keywords
subject: adherence
  topic: keywords
subject: physical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: smoking
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: cross-sectional study
  topic: keywords
creator: Wedad Abdulhameid
creator: Najat Ahmed
creator: Kholud keshim
creator: Nasrien Elfarrah
creator: Asma Bshina
creator: Hana Fahelbum
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Wedad Abulkheir Abdulhameid, Najat Gooma Ahmed, Kholud Ahmed keshim, Nasrien Elfarrah, Asma N Bshina, Hana Fahelbum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 340
ending page: 344
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.50

Association between Serum Ferritin and Total IgE among Pediatric Patients with Recurrent Wheeze: Hospital-based study in Libya
type: item
description: Background: The "iron allergy hypothesis" suggests insufficient iron stores drive T-helper 2 polarisation and promote IgE sensitisation. We studied the association between serum ferritin and total IgE categories among Libyan children with recurrent wheeze. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ali Omar Asker Hospital (Tripoli, Libya) from January 2023 to February 2026.Investigated 150 children aged 2-16 years diagnosed with recurrent wheezing. Serum ferritin and total IgE levels were classified as normal, low, or high based on laboratory ranges. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s Chi-square, Fisher’s exact and Spearman’s rank correlation tests. Results: Among the 150 children, 23.8% had low ferritin, 76.2%were normal, and none were high. Overall, 54.7% had high IgE levels. The results showed IgE levels were nearly the same in both the normal and low ferritin groups (55.6% vs. 54.8%). This difference was not significant (χ² = 0.089, p = 0.912). Also, Spearman’s test confirmed no correlation between the two measures (rho = 0.012, p = 0.883).In subgroups, boys had a significantly higher rate of high IgE than girls (62.5% compared to 43.5%; p = 0.032). Regarding age, high IgE was found in 47.7% of children aged 2-6 years, 56.9% aged 7-11 years, and 58.5% aged 12-16 years. However, these variations were not statistically significant (p = 0.645). Finally, patient atopy and family history showed no significant links to ferritin or IgE levels. Conclusion: Our study found no association between serum ferritin and total IgE levels in Libyan children with recurrent wheeze. However, the finding of male predominance in elevated IgE warrants more investigation. Further studies are needed to clarify nutrition-immunity interactions in pediatric respiratory diseases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wheezing
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunoglobulin
  topic: keywords
subject: Ferritins
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypersensitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Husam Eldaouki
creator: Osamah Alrouwab
creator: Issa Amara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Husam Eldaouki, Osamah Alrouwab, Issa Amara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 332
ending page: 339
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.49

Determining The Caffeine Content of Certain Types of Coffee in Western Libya and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
type: item
description: Background: Coffee is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages in the world, as its caffeine content stimulates individuals. It remains one of the most popular drinks globally to this day. Coffee is made from roasted coffee beans, which are grown in more than 70 countries, particularly in the tropical regions of Africa, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and North and South America. The aim is to evaluate the relationship between coffee consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly abdominal pain. It also sought to determine the caffeine content of six types of coffee available in markets in western Libya. Method: Data were collected through a questionnaire completed by 192 participants. The questionnaire included information on demographic characteristics, coffee consumption patterns, and associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Data analysis was done in SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, version 26.0, with the statistical significance level set at p < 0.05. In addition, caffeine was extracted from coffee and instant coffee using a spectrophotometric method. The process was repeated three times to obtain the final result for the caffeine content in coffee and instant coffee brands widely available in the Libyan market. Results: showed that a percentage of participants experienced gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming coffee; however, no statistically significant association was observed between the type of coffee or its consumption pattern and abdominal pain. The improvement in symptoms after reducing coffee consumption varied among the participants. Additionally, the caffeine content of the six types of coffee commonly available in the western Libyan market was analysed. Essam coffee was found to contain 1.82% caffeine, Yemen coffee 1.19%, and Khalid coffee 1.28%. As for Nescafé, we used its caffeine content, which was 3.31% for Recharge, 1.13% for Napoli, and 2.66% for Stella. Conclusion: The effect of coffee on gastrointestinal symptoms a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: coffee
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: stomach problem
  topic: keywords
subject: caffeine
  topic: keywords
creator: Hana Kamoka
creator: Hesham Edbara
creator: Hamza Mubark
creator: Abdul Muhammad
creator: Mahmoud AL-Qabaji
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hana .M. Kamoka, Hesham Edbara, Hamza Mubark, Abdul Rahman .M.Muhammad , Mahmoud AL-Qabaji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 303
ending page: 331
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.48

Comparative Evaluation of Common Fixatives on Histomorphological Preservation in Mouse Tissues Using Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
type: item
description: Background: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the histological effects of three commonly used fixatives (10% neutral buffered formalin, Bouin’s solution, and Carnoy’s solution) on mouse liver, heart, and testis tissues.Methods: A total of twelve healthy adult male mice were used, with four mice allocated to each fixative group. From each animal, the liver, heart, and testis were surgically excised and fixed in the designated solutions for standard durations. Tissues were processed using an automated tissue processor, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 3 μm thickness, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Histological sections were then evaluated microscopically for nuclear clarity, cytoplasmic preservation, staining quality, and structural integrity.Results: The results demonstrated notable differences among the fixatives. Bouin’s solution provided superior nuclear detail in testicular tissue but was associated with mild tissue hardening. Formalin exhibited optimal preservation of overall morphology, particularly in liver and heart sections, with minimal artifacts. Carnoy’s fixative offered sharp nuclear contrast but was associated with noticeable tissue shrinkage and distortion.Conclusion: These findings highlight that the choice of fixative significantly affects histological outcomes, and selection should be guided by tissue type and diagnostic objectives. The study underscores the importance of appropriate fixation in enhancing tissue preservation and microscopic interpretation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Histological preservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Formalin fixation
  topic: keywords
subject: Bouin’s fixation
  topic: keywords
subject: Carnoy’s fixation
  topic: keywords
subject: H&E staining
  topic: keywords
creator: Rema Ashmila
creator: Enass Ghwarsha
creator: Najway Al-Ojli
creator: Aziza Al-Suwaii
creator: Fadwa Altarbaghia
creator: Heba Al-Shalmani
creator: Nouran Alshiky
creator: Yousef Hasen
creator: Ahmed Mikael
creator: Salem Aldrsy
creator: Mahmoud Alorib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rema A. Ashmila, Enass K. Ghwarsha, Najway Khaled Al-Ojli, Aziza S. Al-Suwaii, Fadwa Said Saleh Altarbaghia, Heba I. Al-Shalmani, Nouran J. Alshiky, Yousef M. Ali Hasen, Ahmed S Mikael, Salem Aldrsy, Mahmoud A. Alorib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 293
ending page: 304
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.47

From accident lip bite to Lesion: Traumatic Neuroma of the Lower Lip: A Rare Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Traumatic neuroma is an uncommon, reactive, non-neoplastic proliferation of nerve tissue that develops following nerve injury or transection. It typically presents as a small, nodular lesion in areas prone to trauma, such as the lower lip, tongue, or mental foramen region. Clinically, it may appear as a painless or occasionally tender swelling and is often associated with a history of local trauma or chronic trauma. Case presentation: A 25-year-old Sudanese male presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery clinic with a localised swelling in the lower lip for approximately one week. The patient reported a history of repeated lip biting prior to the onset of the lesion. The swelling was initially small and gradually increased in size. It was painless, with no associated bleeding or discharge. Radiographic examination revealed no abnormality. An excisional biopsy was performed under local anaesthesia, and the specimen was submitted for histopathological evaluation, which confirmed the diagnosis of traumatic neuroma. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of considering traumatic neuroma in the differential diagnosis of oral soft tissue lesions, particularly in the presence of a history of trauma. Histopathological examination remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, and surgical excision is associated with an excellent prognosis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Traumatic neuroma
  topic: keywords
subject: Lower lip
  topic: keywords
subject: Peripheral nerve injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Reactive lesion
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral soft tissue lesion
  topic: keywords
subject: Schwann cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Nerve proliferation
  topic: keywords
subject: Histopathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Minor salivary glands
  topic: keywords
creator: Yousef Salem
creator: Amna El-Gehani
creator: Huda Alasmaa
creator: Safa Hammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yousef S.Z. Salem, Amna El-Gehani, Huda Alamaa, Safa T. Hammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
starting page: 288
ending page: 292
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.46

(Incidence of convulsion in pediatrics in 2024 in intensive care unit at Tobruk medical center)
type: item
description: Background: Seizures are among the most common neurological manifestations in infancy and childhood. They are not a single disease, but rather a symptom of many underlying disorders with different causes. Neonatal seizures, febrile seizures, and epilepsy overlap to some extent, as children who experience neonatal or febrile seizures have a higher risk of developing epilepsy later. However, these conditions differ in their risk factors and epidemiological patterns. Seizures may also be triggered by other acute conditions, such as head trauma, although their exact frequency in children is difficult to determine. Aim: This study aimed to determine the frequency of convulsions among children in Tobruk, Libya, to identify the most common causes, and to analyse demographic factors such as age and gender. It also sought to improve clinical awareness and support future preventive and treatment strategies in the region. Methods: A total of 136 cases of convulsions in children aged from 1 day to 13 years were collected between February and December 2024. The study was conducted in the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) at Tobruk Medical Centre, Tobruk City, Libya. Data collection included age, gender, family history, body temperature, type of convulsion, number of attacks, diagnosis, treatment, and admission status. Ethical approval was obtained from Tobruk Medical Centre and the Faculty of Medicine at Tobruk University, and informed consent was obtained from the parents of all participants. Results: The most common diagnosis was febrile seizures, accounting for 38 cases (27.9%), followed by acute central nervous system (CNS) infections in 25 patients (18.4%) and epilepsy (chronic or recurrent) in 20 patients (14.7%). Other notable causes included genetic or congenital syndromes (9.6%), neonatal metabolic or genetic seizures (8.1%), and cases of uncertain cause (8.1%). Less common etiologies included acute provoked seizures related to metabolic or electrolyte disturbances or…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: convulsion
  topic: keywords
subject: paediatrics
  topic: keywords
subject: intensive care unit
  topic: keywords
subject: centre
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatimah Abdulsalam
creator: Nesreen Hossen
creator: Pediatric Fayz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fatimah Shuayb Abdulsalam, Nesreen Hossen , Pediatric Marzouq Fayz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 276
ending page: 287
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.45

Prospective Observational Pilot Study of Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol (Femsol) in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Tobruk, Libya
type: item
description: Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by reproductive, hormonal, and metabolic dysfunction. Current treatments often show limited efficacy and may be associated with adverse effects Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Femsol in improving clinical symptoms, hormonal profiles, and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS Methods: “A prospective observational pilot study was conducted on 100 women diagnosed with PCOS. Pre- and post-treatment parameters were compared using paired statistical analyses, Pre- and post-treatment parameters were compared using paired statistical tests. Due to partial reliance on simulated data and absence of a control group, findings are considered exploratory. Result: Femsol demonstrated consistent improvements across clinical and biochemical domains. Symptom reduction ranged from 67.6% to 70.0%. Significant reductions were observed in AMH (−39.7%), LH/FSH ratio (−36.5%), testosterone (−31.0%), and HOMA-IR (−30.0%). Approximately 70% of participants met treatment response criteria. Conclusion: Femsol appears to be a promising “Femsol showed promising preliminary effects on clinical, hormonal, and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Further randomised controlled studies are required to confirm these findings as a therapeutic option for PCOS. However, randomised controlled trials are required to confirm these findings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: PCOS
  topic: keywords
subject: insulin resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: hyperandrogenism
  topic: keywords
subject: AMH
  topic: keywords
subject: LH/FSH ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: metabolic dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment efficacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Inas yhea
creator: wardah naji
creator: Sameerah abduljawad
creator: Radia almutkhatri
creator: Fayazah Mohammed
creator: Sarah makhzoum
creator: Bilqyas ashour
creator: Maqboulah amtoubil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Inas.A. yhea, wardah naji , Sameerah abduljawad , Radia A almutkhatri, Fayazah M Mohammed, Sarah M makhzoum, Bilqyas A ashour, Maqboulah O amtoubil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-18
publication date: 2026-05-18
starting page: 271
ending page: 275
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.44

Retrospective Statistical Study of Chronic Kidney Disease in Children at Tripoli University Hospital
type: item
description: Background: Chronic kidney Disease has become a global health issue, beginning with a gradual loss of kidney function that eventually progresses to advanced stages. Early detection serves as a preventive solution to avoid reaching advanced stages and to reduce associated complications. This study aims to determine the prevalence rate of chronic kidney disease among children from birth up to the age of 16 at Tripoli University Hospital, as well as the prevalence of the disease among males and females, its causes, and its complications. Methods.Data was collected from 110 samples 68 males and 42 females (all participants were patients) using a manual questionnaire. All of them regularly visited the nephrology department at Tripoli University Hospital during the period from October 2023 to September 2024. The data was analyzed using statistical methods. Result: The prevalence among males was 61.8%, higher compared to females at 38.2%. Among the causes leading to the disease, 35.5% of the sample had unknown causes, followed by urinary tract infections at 17.2%, then vesicoureteral reflux at 13.6%. The disease may also be hereditary: 30.9% of the sample had a family member with the condition. Conclusion: Chronic kidney Disease in children is categorized into 5 stages, determined by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The current study showed that stage three was the most common at 40%. Complications of the disease include hypertension, with 26.4% of the children in the sample suffering from high blood pressure. Results also revealed a decrease in hemoglobin levels, elevated creatinine and urea levels, and hyperactivity of the parathyroid hormone.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Chronic kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Complications
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: Stages of disease
  topic: keywords
creator: Sara Ihqeeq
creator: Fatma Algorj
creator: Hajer Ihqeeq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sara Abd AlSalam Ihqeeq, Fatma Mosbah Algorj , Hajer Altaher Ihqeeq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
starting page: 267
ending page: 270
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.43

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial species isolated from diarrheal stool of patients at Al-Zawiya Medicine Hospital, Libya
type: item
description: Background: Bacterial diarrhea is a common health problem affecting many patients, including hospitalized patients. It is caused by various microorganisms, and these bacteria contribute to the rise in antibiotic resistance, making it a major public health issue. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial strains isolated from patients and to investigate their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics at Al-Zawiya Hospital in Al-Zawiya, Libya. Methods: The study examined stool sample collection methods for patients seen at Al-Zawiya Hospital between January 1 and July 2024. Isolated samples were cultured using standard methods. Diagnosis was established using microbiological methods, and antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The results were analyzed descriptively, where approximately 99 stool samples were collected from individuals aged 9 to approximately 50 years. Salmonella was detected in 26 of 31 samples (78.8%), Escherichia coli in 2 of 31 samples (6%), Shigella in 1 of 31 samples (3%), Staphylococcus aureus in 1 of 31 samples (3%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 1 of 31 samples (3%). The majority of isolated strains showed susceptibility to imipenem, amikacin, and several cephalosporins, commonly used antibiotics. These results confirm the prevalence of enteric bacterial pathogens that contribute significantly to diarrhea, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. Conclusion : Diarrhea is an illness that affects people of all ages. Therefore, patients with diarrhea, often accompanied by various bacterial infections, require regular monitoring and appropriate antibiotic treatment. Studies have shown that diarrhea poses a significant threat to individual health due to several factors, including the use of antibiotics, the effectiveness of which is compromised by significant bacterial resistance. Research has also revealed variations in antibiotic resistance among isolated bacteria,…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stool samples
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibiotic resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: diarrhea
  topic: keywords
creator: Lubna Elbishti
creator: Himedah Alboom
creator: Amina Orwa
creator: Najat Gooma
creator: Najat Mansour
creator: Mabroukah Khalleefah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lubna M. M. Elbishti, Himedah Fheel Alboom, Amina Ashor Orwa, Najat Gooma, Najat M Mansour, Mabroukah A Khalleefah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
starting page: 259
ending page: 266
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.42

Reactive and Reparative Changes Mimicking Dysplasia: A Gynecologic Cytopathology Case Report
type: item
description: Background: Reactive and reparative endocervical changes may closely resemble dysplasia or glandular neoplasia, creating potential diagnostic challenges. Cervical cytology is a key component of cervical cancer screening.Methods: A 42-year-old woman undergoing a routine cervical cancer screening is the subject of our descriptive gynecologic cytopathology case. Cytomorphological results were interpreted in relation to clinical data after a traditional Papanicolaou smear was examined. Since this is a single case report, no statistical analysis was done. Reactive squamous and endocervical cells with smooth nuclear contours, finely granular chromatin, mild nuclear enlargement, and occasionally prominent nucleoli were seen in the Pap smear. Mucus and inflammation were visible in the background. Preserved nuclear polarity, the lack of coarse chromatin or aberrant mitotic activity, and benign clinical findings supported a reactive and restorative process despite early concerns about glandular atypia. Malignancy or intraepithelial lesions were not found in the final diagnosis. Conclusions: In cervical cytology, reactive and reparative atypia may resemble dysplastic or neoplastic alterations. To prevent overdiagnosis and needless interventions, careful cytomorphological evaluation in conjunction with clinicopathological correlation is crucial.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cervical cytology
  topic: keywords
subject: Endocervical glandular atypia
  topic: keywords
subject: Reactive changes
  topic: keywords
subject: Repair Endocervical
  topic: keywords
subject: Pap smear
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmoud Aloriby
creator: Yousef Hasen
creator: Bushra Mofadal
creator: Samhar Montaser
creator: Ahmed Alhaddad
creator: Aboubak . Al –Abraheem
creator: Ahmed Mikael
creator: Hossin mosalm
creator: Aziza Elgathfy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmoud A. Aloriby, Yousef M Ali Hasen, Bushra Mofadal, Samhar Montaser, Ahmed A. Alhaddad, Aboubak A. Al –Abraheem, Ahmed S. Mikael, Hossin mosalm, Aziza S. Elgathfy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-10
publication date: 2026-05-10
starting page: 255
ending page: 258
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.41

Types of Down Syndrome Disorders Diagnosed at the First International Laboratory from 2020 to 2025
type: item
description: Background: Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder worldwide, associated with distinct cytogenetic patterns and maternal risk factors. Understanding these features in Benghazi is essential for guiding local healthcare interventions. Aim: To determine the prevalent cytogenetic types and demographic factors associated with Down syndrome diagnosed at Benghazi’s First International Laboratory. Materials and Methods This retrospective study analyzed 200 karyotype records from 2020 to 2025. Cytogenetic classification and demographic data, including maternal age and consanguinity, were assessed. Results: Trisomy 21 accounted for the majority of cases (82%), followed by mosaicism (12%) and translocation (6%). Advanced maternal age (>35 years) was significantly associated with Trisomy 21, while consanguinity was observed in 30% of translocation cases. Conclusions: Trisomy 21 is the predominant form of Down syndrome in Eastern Libya and is strongly linked to advanced maternal age. Consanguinity may contribute to rarer subtypes such as translocation. These findings highlight the importance of maternal health awareness and genetic counseling initiatives in the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Down syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Trisomy 21
  topic: keywords
subject: maternal age
  topic: keywords
subject: consanguinity
  topic: keywords
subject: Benghazi
  topic: keywords
subject: karyotyping
  topic: keywords
creator: Abeer Amer
creator: Fatma Boshahma
creator: Tarik Shoeib
creator: Rayan Rayan
creator: Kindah Salem
creator: Mardiah Mustafa
creator: Fatma Issa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abeer Hussein Amer, Fatma H. Boshahma, Tarik Shoeib, Rayan Khaled, Kindah Salem, Mardiah Mustafa, Fatma Issa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 250
ending page: 254
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.40

First 48 Hours of Urine Output in Neonates: Physiological Transition, Clinical Uncertainty, and Evolving Diagnostic Perspectives
type: item
description: Background: Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder worldwide, associated with distinct cytogenetic patterns and maternal risk factors. Understanding these features in Benghazi is essential for guiding local healthcare interventions. Aim: To determine the prevalent cytogenetic types and demographic factors associated with Down syndrome diagnosed at Benghazi’s First International Laboratory. Materials and Methods This retrospective study analyzed 200 karyotype records from 2020 to 2025. Cytogenetic classification and demographic data, including maternal age and consanguinity, were assessed. Results: Trisomy 21 accounted for the majority of cases (82%), followed by mosaicism (12%) and translocation (6%). Advanced maternal age (>35 years) was significantly associated with Trisomy 21, while consanguinity was observed in 30% of translocation cases. Conclusions: Trisomy 21 is the predominant form of Down syndrome in Eastern Libya and is strongly linked to advanced maternal age. Consanguinity may contribute to rarer subtypes such as translocation. These findings highlight the importance of maternal health awareness and genetic counseling initiatives in the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urine Output
  topic: keywords
subject: Neonates:
  topic: keywords
subject: Physiological Transition
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramadan Sarrab
creator: Abdalmonam Majbar
creator: Keria Sheha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ramadan M. Sarrab, Abdalmonam A. Majbar, Keria H. Sheha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 247
ending page: 249
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.39

Occupational Radiation Exposure and Health Effects Among Medical Imaging Staff in Benghazi, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study, 2026
type: item
description: Background: Medical imaging staff are at risk of occupational radiation exposure, which can lead to serious health effects if proper protective measures are not implemented. This study evaluates radiation protection practices, availability of protective equipment, training, and self-reported health effects among medical imaging personnel in Benghazi, Libya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 medical imaging staff (radiologists, radiologic technologists, and nurses) working in public and private hospitals, diagnostic centers, and clinics in Benghazi, Libya, from January to February 2026. Data were collected using an online structured questionnaire (Google Forms) containing 24 questions covering demographics, protective equipment availability and use, dosimeter availability, radiation safety training, work-related symptoms, diagnosed health conditions, challenges, and priorities for improvement. The questionnaire was shared via social media platforms commonly used by medical imaging staff. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages).Results: Most participants were aged 25–34 years (62%), with 55% female and 45% male. The majority worked in government hospitals (70%). Basic protective equipment was unavailable for 55% of participants, and only 28% had access to lead aprons. Personal dosimeters were absent for 78% of staff. Only 17% reported receiving regular annual safety training. Despite the lack of formal training, 46% of participants rated their personal knowledge as 'good,' 39% as 'moderate,' and 15% as 'poor'; 85% rated workplace protective measures as insufficient. Common symptoms included persistent fatigue (46%), hair loss (41%), headaches (38%), and vision problems (34%). Diagnosed conditions included anemia (19%), thyroid disorders (10%), and cataracts (5%). Major barriers included lack of equipment (65%), no dosimeters (58%), high workload (50%), and lack of accountability (40%).Conclusion: There are s…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Occupational radiation exposure
  topic: keywords
subject: radiation protection, medical imaging staff
  topic: keywords
subject: osimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: radiation safety training
  topic: keywords
subject: Benghazi
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Amenh Yousif
creator: Hamad Mustafa
creator: Fatma Younis
creator: Basma Madi
creator: Mohammed Buzaridah
creator: Abdelsalam Abuzreda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amenh B. Yousif , Hamad A. Mustafa , Fatma Younis , Basma Wanis Madi , Mohammed Mustafa Buzaridah , Abdelsalam Abuzreda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-18
publication date: 2026-06-18
starting page: 239
ending page: 246
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.38

Community Awareness of Helicobacter pylori and Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Their Association with Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Cross-Sectional Study”
type: item
description: Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a prevalent public health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Chronic gastrointestinal infections, including Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasitic infections, may contribute to iron deficiency through impaired absorption and chronic inflammation. Objective: To assess community awareness of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasitic infections and their perceived association with iron deficiency anemia. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 adults using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data included sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of gastrointestinal infections, and history of iron deficiency. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Awareness of H. pylori and intestinal parasitic infections was reported by 67.3% and 65.3% of participants, respectively. A history of anemia was reported by 39.3%. Significant associations were found between anemia history and awareness of H. pylori (p = 0.003) and intestinal parasites (p = 0.018). Conclusion: Community awareness of infection-related iron deficiency anemia was moderate. Strengthening public education and screening programs may help reduce the burden of iron deficiency anemia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Iron deficiency anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Helicobacter pylori
  topic: keywords
subject: Intestinal parasites
  topic: keywords
subject: Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-sectional study
  topic: keywords
creator: Elham Almurabet
creator: Ahmed Mohammed
creator: Rabab Salih
creator: Ghadah Algeblaue
creator: Nasrien Elfarrah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Elham Mohammed SAlmurabet, Ahmed Aboulqasim Alwagiah, Rabab Almabrouk Salih, Ghadah Emhemed Algeblaue, Nasrien Ali Elfarrah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
starting page: 233
ending page: 238
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.37

Efficacy and safety of intralesional vitamin D3 injection in wart
type: item
description: Background: Verrucae, or warts, are the benign proliferations of mucosa and skin. They present over the hands in most patients but can occur anywhere on the surface of the skin or the mucosa.Aim: To investigate both the safety and effectiveness of intralesional cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the management of warts.Materials and Methods: This observational study included 40 patients with cutaneous warts, conducted from April 2023 to April 2024 at the Alirada clinic. After administering lignocaine (0.2 mL, 20 mg/mL), vitamin D3 (0.2 mL, 15 mg/mL) was injected into the base of the warts. Injections were repeated every two weeks for a maximum of four sessions or until complete resolution Results: The mean age was 30.85 ± 12.51 years, with a mean wart duration of 15.75 ± 12.15 months and an average of 7.8 ± 6.7 warts per patient. The group comprised 45% males and 55% females. Wart types included: filiform (5%), palmoplantar (70%), plane (10%), and verruca vulgaris (15%). Complete resolution occurred in 65% of cases, moderate response in 15%, mild response in 15%, and no response in 5%. At baseline, 10 patients (25%) reported pain due to the warts, primarily in palmoplantar warts, with 90% resolution within 14 days of treatment. After treatment, post-injection pain occurred in 12 patients (30%), mostly transient and resolving within 3–5 days. Other side effects included swelling (20%), nodule formation (7.5%), and pigmentary changes (hyper- or hypo-) (2.5%), with no hypopigmentation reported. Treatment response was positively correlated with gender and verruca vulgaris but negatively correlated with plane wartsConclusion: Intralesional vitamin D3 treatment is simple, effective, affordable, safe, and easy to administer in outpatient clinics. However, small sample sizes limit generalizability for certain wart types.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Warts
  topic: keywords
subject: Vitamin D3
  topic: keywords
subject: Skin
  topic: keywords
creator: Hana Benjuma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hana Hussein Benjuma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
starting page: 224
ending page: 232
doi: 10.54361/LJMR.20.2.36

Tuberculosis trends in eastern Libya, Benghazi region, from 2021 to 2023
type: item
description: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem, particularly in developing countries. TB is the 13th leading cause of death worldwide and the top cause from a single infectious agent in 2019. Drug-resistant (DR-TB) is another area of concern, particularly Multidrug resistant (MDR) or Rifampicin Risistant (RR-TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) with resistance to RIF and Isoniazid (INH) or only to RIF.Objective: Determine the prevalence of tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistant in Benghazi, Libya.Materials and Methods: A retrospective study included 1192 TB-suspected cases within three years from 2021 to 2023 registered in Al-Kuwaifeya Specialized Teaching Hospital for Chest and Tuberculosis in Benghazi, Libya. Pulmonary or extrapulmonary samples were collected from cases based on infection type. GeneXpert MTB/RIF and acid-fast stain (AFS) assays were utilized for the rapid diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection and DR-TB. Results: A total of 27.1% (323/1192) tested positive for MTB, 11.5% were resistant to Rifampicin. The majority of TB cases were pulmonary TB (97.2%). The highest infection rates were in males (75.9%), while females were (24.1%). An increase in the infection rate was observed for the age category 25-34 (30.7%), and a decrease rate was observed in the age category 0-14 (4.0%). Libyans had the maximum infection rate (68.1%), and the highest rates of TB cases among non-Libyans were Sudanese (15.8%) and Chadian (8.7%). Conclusion: This study reported the increase in the infection rate of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance compared with previous studies. Further studies is recommended to determine the risk factors related to TB infection among the population. Rapid and accurate methods of diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis are essential for early initiation of treatment, prevention, and improvement of patient outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Pulmonary TB
  topic: keywords
subject: Extrapulmonary TB
  topic: keywords
subject: GeneXpert MTB/RIF
  topic: keywords
subject: AFB
  topic: keywords
creator: Khaled Al Mehdawi
creator: Hadil Omran
creator: Naser El Tabouly
creator: Aisha Arhouma
creator: Abuishnaf Al Zarouq
creator: Eman Barghouti
creator: Amyirah Ali
creator: Reema Hamid
creator: Ali Ghazi
creator: Mohamed Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Khaled Ali Al Mehdawi, Hadil Hashim Omran, Naser El Din Ali El Tabouly3, Aisha Bohawia Arhouma, Abuishnaf Faraj Al Zarouq, Eman Mahmoud Barghouti, Amyirah Ghayth Ali, Reema Yadim Hamid, Ali Mohammed Ghazi, Mohamed Jamil Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-02
publication date: 2026-05-02
starting page: 216
ending page: 223
doi: 10.54361/LJMR20.1.35