The Libyan Journal of Medical Research is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that provides a fast-track, high-quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communications, and case reports in all areas of Medical and applied Sciences. Submissions are accepted in the English language. LJMR operates under an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription fee. Please note that there is an article processing and publishing charge of 100 US Dollars for international and 350 DL for local each accepted manuscript in order for the journal to continue its high performance. All papers are subjected to a peer-review process. Moreover, with the presence of international referees, the process of decision-making on the acceptance/rejection of all submitted manuscripts will be done rapidly and to the highest standards. Articles in Libyan Journal of Medical Research are open Access Under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY). This license permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, is not changed in any way, and is not used for commercial The Libyan Journal of Medical Research has obtained the Arab Impact Factor 2024. and 2025 The journal is owned by the Libyan Medical Research Center, and the management of the journal is made by the editorial team
Open Access Policy Libyan journal of medical Research (LJMR).is an open journal, therefore there are no fees required for downloading any publication from the journal website by authors, readers, and institution. The journal applies the license of CC BY (a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license). This license allows authors to keep ownership f the copyright of their papers. But this license permits any user to download , print out, extract, reuse, archive, and distribute the article, so long as appropriate credit is given to the authors and the source of the work. The license ensures that the article will be available as widely as possible and that the article can be included in any scientific archive. Editorial Policy The publication of an article in a peer reviewed journal is an essential model for Libyan journal of medical Research (LJMR). It is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editorial, the peer reviewer and the publisher. Any manuscript or substantial parts of it, submitted to the journal must not be under consideration by any other journal. In general, the manuscript should not have already been published in any journal or other citable form, although it may have been deposited on a preprint server. Authors are required to ensure that no material submitted as part of a manuscript infringes existing copyrights, or the rights of a third party. Authorship Policy The manuscript authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution and intellectual input to the research submitted to the journal, including design, performance, interpretation of the reported study, and writing the manuscript. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the manuscript but without intellectual input should only be recognized in the acknowledgements section of the manuscript. Also, one of the authors should be selected as the corresponding author to communicate with the journal and approve the final version of the manuscript for publication in the LJMR. Peer-review Policy - All the manuscripts submitted to LJMR will be subjected to the double-blinded peer-review process; - The manuscript will be reviewed by two suitable experts in the respective subject area. - Reports of all the reviewers will be considered while deciding on acceptance/revision or rejection of a manuscript. - Editor-In-Chief will make the final decision, based on the reviewer’s comments. - Editor-In-Chief can ask one or more advisory board members for their suggestions upon a manuscript, before making the final decision. - Associate editor and review editors provide administrative support to maintain the integrity of the peer-review process. - In case, authors challenge the editor’s negative decision with suitable arguments, the manuscript can be sent to one more reviewer and the final decision will be made based upon his recommendations.
A Comparative Study of Obstructed Colon Tumor Resection with and Without Prophylactic Diversion
Background: Cancer is a severe non-infectious disease that significantly affects quality of life. Technological advancements and daily exposure to toxins contribute to its rise by disrupting cellular mechanisms and causing genetic damage. Aim: To compare a one-stage operation versus a two-stage operation in the therapy of blocked non-perforated colon cancer conducted on 24 patients divided equally into one-stage and two-stage groups. Methods: This prospective randomized research has been performed at Tobruk Medical Center over the past four years, including 24 patients diagnosed with obstructed nonperforated colon cancer. Participants were randomly separated into two groups: 12 cases underwent a one-stage procedure, while the remaining 12 underwent a two-stage approach. Results: A statistically insignificant variance has been observed among the studied groups in terms of duration of obstruction, previous abdominal surgeries, weight loss, preoperative blood transfusion, surgeon experience, liver condition, locally advanced disease, blood loss, operative time, intraoperative blood transfusion, mass size, anastomotic configuration, anastomotic technique, postoperative pathology, intraoperative complications, lymph vascular (LV) invasion, free safety margin, white blood cells (WBCs), Ryle amount per day, postoperative ileus, wound infection, fever, leakage, electrolyte imbalance, and mortality) P > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in Ryle removal time, oral intake initiation, hospital stay, and stoma complications. (P < 0.05) Conclusion: This study found no significant differences in postoperative complications, except for higher stoma complications in one group, possibly due to surgical technique.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed fathalla eljali, Yamen Mohamed Bobaker (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Neurophysiological Characteristics of Orofacial Pain in Patients Attending Private Dental Clinics in Western Libya.
In private dental clinics in western Libya, dentists frequently encounter patients with orofacial pain that cannot be explained by obvious dental pathology. A retrospective observational study was conducted through the review of archived clinical records of adult patients presenting with orofacial pain between January 2023 and October 2025. Data from 212 eligible cases were analyzed, including demographic variables, pain localization, duration, neurophysiological indicators, and pain mechanism classification. Orofacial pain was categorized as nociceptive, neuropathic, neurovascular, or mixed based on documented clinical assessment. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The mean age of patients was 42.7 ± 13.6 years, with females comprising 53.8% of the study population. Dental and periodontal pain was the most common presentation (43.4%), followed by temporomandibular joint-related pain (22.6%) and masticatory muscle pain (17.0%). Pain duration exceeded one month in 73.6% of cases, with 32.1% of patients experiencing symptoms for longer than six months. Nociceptive pain was identified in 50.9% of patients, while mixed pain mechanisms accounted for 23.6%, neuropathic pain for 17.9%, and neurovascular pain for 7.5%. Neurophysiological indicators included hyperalgesia in 38.7% of cases, referred pain in 25.5%, allodynia in 21.7%, and persistent pain without identifiable local pathology in 18.9% of patients.The findings demonstrate that a substantial proportion of orofacial pain cases in dental practice involve non-nociceptive or mixed neurophysiological mechanisms and are frequently associated with prolonged pain duration and sensitization-related features. These results underscore the limitations of symptom-based diagnostic approaches and highlight the importance of integrating mechanism-based, neurophysiologically informed assessment strategies into routine dental practice to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Yousuf Alhameedi, Tebra Ramadan Abdulsalam, Salwa Alwafi Abukhedir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effect of Bleaching Materials on Gingival Tissue: A review
Tooth bleaching is a widely used aesthetic dental procedure that enhances tooth color by oxidizing pigmented molecules within enamel and dentin. However, bleaching agents—primarily hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide—can irritate or damage surrounding soft tissues, particularly the gingiva. This paper explores the effects of bleaching agents on gingival tissue, including mechanisms of action, histological and clinical effects, influencing factors, and prevention strategies. The findings indicate that, although gingival irritation is a common side effect, it is typically mild, transient, and preventable through proper clinical technique.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lotfeia M. Khamas, Fatema M. Attomy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perforating Dermatosis as a cause of chronic pruritus Diabetic Patient on Hemodialysis or vice versa
Perforating Dermatosis (PD) is a rare cutaneous disorder associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by the transepidermal elimination of dermal components. Despite its prevalence among dialysis patients, it remains underreported, particularly in our region. We present a case of a 70-year-old male with long standing diabetes and CKD on hemodialysis for seven years, who developed widespread perforating skin lesions. This case highlights the clinical presentation, and management challenges, emphasizing the importance of recognizing (PD) in nephrology and dermatology practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ail Alahrash , W. Ashaibani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Determinants of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Among Pharmacy Students: A Cross-Sectional Study at the University of Zawia
Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder significantly impacting quality of life, with university students, particularly those in demanding healthcare programs, being uniquely vulnerable due to academic stress and lifestyle changes. This study addresses the paucity of localized data on IBS among pharmacy students in Libya. Aim: To investigate the prevalence and determinants of IBS, and its association with lifestyle and psychological factors, among third and fourth-year pharmacy students at the University of Zawia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2025 at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zawia, involving 140 third and fourth-year pharmacy students (70 from each year). Data were collected using a structured, pre-validated questionnaire covering demographics, gastrointestinal symptoms, lifestyle, psychological factors, and medical awareness. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, with Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, and a P-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The study population was predominantly female (97.1% in 3rd year, 98.6% in 4th year). While overall recurrent abdominal pain and its relation to bowel movements did not differ significantly between years, a statistically significant difference was found in bowel habits (P = 0.049), with predominantly diarrhea higher in the third year (22.9%) and predominantly constipation higher in the fourth year (31.4%). Fourth-year students exhibited significantly higher rates of sleeping less than 6 hours (54.3% vs. 30%, P = 0.012) and reported very high stress levels (38.6% vs. 1.4%, P < 0.001). IBS symptoms significantly worsened during exams for fourth-year students (92.9% vs. 74.3%, P = 0.006), and certain food triggers were more common in this group (70% vs. 51.4%, P = 0.049). Physician consultation and formal IBS diagnosis rates did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion: IBS is prevalent among pharmacy students at the University of Zawia, with its severity and manifestation strongly linked to academic stress, sleep deprivation, and dietary habits, particularly as students advance in their curriculum. These findings highlight the critical need for targeted interventions, including psychological support, stress management, and wellness initiatives, to improve student well-being and academic success.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebtesam Ali Beshna, Fayza R ALneser, Randa Salem Alaswad, Samah Amir, Fadia AL-Nour AL-Mahmoudi, Mona AI-Taher AL-Qadri2 (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Strengthening Libyan Medical Journals Through International and National Indexing
Indexing services are universally recognized as a cornerstone of scholarly publishing. They determine the visibility, credibility, and impact of medical journals. As Singhal et al. note, “Indexing of a journal reflects its quality, reputation, reach, and, consequently, its impact on journal articles” . Without proper indexing, even the most rigorous research may remain unheard, diminishing its visibility and limiting its impact on scientific advancement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Atia, Ahmed Atia, Osama H. Almjdoub (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Healthcare providers’ attitude toward patient with tuberculosis in Misurata, Libya, “An Important Public Health issue”
Background: Nurses are frontline heathcare providers and have an important role to play in the direct management of tuberculosis (TB) patients and consequently face a high risk of infection. The aim of this study was to assess the attitude about TB patient among nurses in Misurata, Libya. Methodo: A quanitaive analytice cross-sectioanl study using validated self-administered questionnaire among 396 nurses ib public heath facilites of Misurata, Libya.A was used to investigate the nurses’ level of attitude on TB. Results: Out of the participants, 152 (38.4%) were male and 244 (61.6%) were female. The majority of the participants were in the 26–40 years age group. Only 80 (20.8%) out of the 384 participants had positive attitude towards TB. 302 (78.6%) had phobia of TB while, 82(21.4%) of them did not show this phobia, it was found that 269 (70.1%) of the 384 participants considered TB as a social stigma. The attitude was not affected by age and ecucation level among the participants.On other hand, female participants (Adjusted OR =2.99, 95% CI=1.37- 6.53, p = 0 .006) (1.371-6.53) had almost 3 times more phobia from TB compared to male participants.However, nurses with more than five years of experience (Adjusted OR =3.49, 95% CI=1.09-11.16, p = 0 .03) had 3.49 times positive attitude generally towards TB compared to those with less than one year of experience. Conclusion: Majority of the nurses who participated in this study were having nagative attitude and phobia toward TB patient. Active educational interventions, are required to improve attitude, reduce the phobisa and mininmze the social stigma toward TB patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muftah Elbahloul, Khadija Amer, Osama H. Almajdoub (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Diagnostic and Cost Benefits of Tissue Microarray Technology for Multiplex Biomarker Testing in Molecular Oncology: A Libyan Perspective
Background: Tissue microarray (TMA) technology allows simultaneous testing of multiple tissue samples on a single slide, significantly reducing reagent consumption, slide use, and overall diagnostic costs. In resource-limited settings such as Libya, high pathology expenses hinder access to essential biomarker testing in oncology. This study assesses the diagnostic value and cost-effectiveness of TMA for key biomarkers, including PD-L1, KRAS, BRAF, MSI, MMR, HER2, and p53.Methods: A total of 396 confirmed cancer cases (breast, colorectal, and lung) were included. TMAs were manually constructed using 1.5 mm tissue cores, with 72 cores per block. Immunohistochemistry and molecular analyses were performed for PD-L1, HER2, p53, ALK, MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), KRAS, BRAF, MSI, and gene fusions. Costs for traditional full-slide testing were compared to TMA-based testing in Libyan Dinar (LYD). Due to non-normal data distribution, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used to evaluate cost differences. Results: TMA implementation resulted in a 92.6% reduction in total diagnostic costs, decreasing overall expenditure from 289,750 LYD to 21,475 LYD. All biomarkers demonstrated substantial cost savings, with reduced variability in test pricing post-TMA. Non-parametric analysis confirmed a significant difference between pre- and post-TMA costs (p = 0.005). Diagnostic quality and marker expression assessment remained consistent across all TMA-tested samples.Conclusion: TMA is a highly cost-effective platform for multiplex biomarker testing in oncology and provides a practical solution for laboratories in resource-constrained health systems. By enabling large-scale, standardized testing with minimal reagent waste, TMAs can expand access to essential cancer biomarkers, reduce financial barriers, and support more timely and equitable cancer diagnosis in settings such as Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najah Bobtina , Enas Shaafi , Mohamed K A Elkawafi, Mohammed A Almabrouk , Faraj Z Alfallah , Anwaar E Salem , Mariam G. Bosafita , Yousef M Ali Hasen , Moutaz F Gebril , Boubaker A Elamamy , Malak M Alkrgli , Ahmed Benhasouna , Faraj A Bleiblo , Souad A Moftah , Salem Aldrsy , Ahmed A Alhaddad, Ahmed S Mikeal , Mahmoud A Aloriby (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of knowledge attitude and behavior towards hepatitis B and its vaccine among the population in Benghazi
Background: Hepatitis B (HepB) is a major global public health problem and a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, with an estimated 296 million people chronically infected worldwide. In Libya, a 2014 epidemiological study reported a HepB surface antigen (HBsAg) seroprevalence of 2.2% in the general population, classifying the country as having an intermediate level of HBV endemicity.The aim: to assess gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward viral hepatitis among the Benghazi public and examine their association with key demographic factors, in order to inform local efforts toward achieving the World Health Organization’s viral hepatitis elimination targets. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Benghazi in September and October 2023. Online questionnaires with voluntary response sampling were used as a sampling technique. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS.28. The p-value ≤0.05 was set as the significance level of the study. Results: 303 participants completed the survey and were included in the present analysis. Of the 303 participants, 191 (63%) were female, with the majority of 137 (45.2%) between 20 and 30 years old. 200 (66%) attended university; 95 (31.4%) are students; and 173 (57.1%) are single. Of the participants, only 29.4% had good knowledge and 70.6% had poor knowledge of HBV and its vaccine. 89.1% of the 303 participants had a positive attitude toward HBV and its vaccine, compared to 10.9% who had a negative attitude. The majority, 66.7%, rated participants' general behavior toward HBV as poor, while 33.3% demonstrated good behavior toward HBV and its vaccine. There is a significant correlation between Attitude with age and behavior with education. Conclusion: The study revealed moderate knowledge and generally positive attitudes toward hepatitis B among the Benghazi public, but preventive behaviors, including screening and vaccination, remained limited. These findings highlight the need for targeted awareness, vaccination promotion, and stigma-reduction programs to support the WHO goal of hepatitis B elimination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Safa Emamer Eljaly, Mohamed K A Elkawafi, Mohamed Hammad, Hwuida Khattab, Noha Alnaas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical Presentations, Laboratory and Endoscopic Findings, Treatment Patterns, and Early Outcomes of Pediatric Crohn’s Disease at a Tertiary Center in Tripoli, Libya:
Background: Pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) presents with variable gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms and is often diagnosed late. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, laboratory and endoscopic findings, treatment approaches, and early outcomes among children aged 3–15 years diagnosed with CD at a tertiary center in Libya. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study using retrospectively collected data, the study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tripoli University Hospital, Tripoli, Libya, between 2023 and 2025 of 40 children diagnosed with CD. Data included demographics, clinical presentation, growth, labs, endoscopy, histopathology, treatment, and outcomes. Results: Diarrhea (97.5%), abdominal pain (95%), fever (90%), and weight loss (87.5%) were common. Growth impairment was seen in 72.5%. Lab abnormalities included anemia (85%), high CRP (95%), high ESR (80%), and low albumin (62.5%). Terminal ileum involvement was seen in 95%. All received steroids and azathioprine; 60% received Biological therapy. Remission achieved in 85%; relapses in 15%. Conclusion: Pediatric CD in this cohort showed prolonged symptoms, growth impairment, and severe inflammation. Despite challenges, early remission was common with appropriate therapy. Improved early recognition and expanded access to diagnostics and biologics are essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zinab Ashour Saad, Fathia Hameda Ben Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Clock Was Ticking: Immediate Microsurgical Vasovasostomy for Iatrogenic Vasal Transection During Complex Inguinal Hernia Repair—A Case Report
Background: Iatrogenic vas deferens injury during inguinal hernia repair, though rare (0.3–0.5%), carries significant fertility implications if unrecognized. Rates increase in complex or recurrent hernias. Immediate microsurgical reconstruction is the gold standard for preserving reproductive potential. Case Presentation: A 37-year-old man with a chronic right inguinoscrotal hernia underwent elective open herniotomy. During dissection, a 1.2–1.5 cm longitudinal transection of the vas deferens occurred. The injury was identified intraoperatively. Intervention: Immediate microsurgical vasovasostomy was performed using an operating microscope (ZEISS) under 12× magnification. A tension-free, double-layer anastomosis was completed with 9-0 polypropylene suture. Outcome: The patient recovered without complications. His wife conceived spontaneously five months postoperatively, demonstrating functional patency. The case underscores the importance of immediate repair and intraoperative urological collaboration in high-risk hernia surgery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jalal Ahmid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical Bacteriological Evaluation of Tonsillar Surface and Core Microflora in Recurrent Tonsillitis Undergoing Tonsillectomy
Background: Clinically, chronic/recurrent Tonsillitis the most common disease is indistinguishable whether viral or bacterial etiology. Effective treatment of the tonsillitis depends on knowledge of the infecting organism, but there is always a dilemma whether the antibiotics prescribed for the tonsillitis are sufficient for the different organisms in the surface and core of the tonsils. Aim of study: To determine the bacterial flora in the tonsillar core and compare it with tonsillar surface organisms, whether there is any difference between tonsillar surface and deep tissue cultures, and to correlate the clinical profile of the patients with various microorganisms. Methods: This prospective study was performed on (57) patients clinically diagnosed with recurrent tonsillitis/ Adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy, who underwent tonsillectomy, aged from (4) years to(37) years, admitted in the Otorhinolaryngology department, Surgical Specialty Center, University of Benghazi from 1st January to 31st December 2022. Tonsillar surface and core tonsillar cultures were taken and isolated. Result: The bacterial flora of the tonsil surface and core was compared. Pathogens were isolated by core culture but not by the surface culture in 14 cases (25%). In 34 cases (59.64%), pathogenic microflora were identified from the core of tonsils, differing from the surface. Discrepancy between surface and core culture as to the presence or absence of core pathogens was in (46) cases (81%), while it was identical in (11) cases (19%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated organism in the surface and core of the tonsil. Conclusion: Most bacteria are embedded in the core of the tonsil rather than the surface of the tonsil. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated organism in the surface and core of the tonsil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed shultami, Mohammed Hussain patel, Yosef. h. Saeed Abdelkarim, Hammed El Alwamy, Altaf Patel, Salem Ammari, Salem Aldrasy , Mahmoud A. Aloriby, Yousef M. Ali Hasen, Moataz F. Gebril, Ahmed S. Mikael, Farag A. Bleiblo, Fadel Mousa, Narjis Mohammed Heebah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of Chemotherapy on the Hematological Parameters and Prevalence of Anemia in Breast Cancer Patients
Background: Breast cancer incidence is rising in Libya, and chemotherapy significantly affects physiological function. Objectives: This study evaluated hematological changes and anemia prevalence in 150 breast cancer patients at the National Oncology Institute, Sabratha, and compared them with 100 healthy controls. Methods: Data were extracted from patient records and analyzed using SPSS to compare hematological variables before and after chemotherapy. Results: Significant decreases (P<0.01) were observed in RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCHC compared with controls, with further declines after chemotherapy. Anemia prevalence rose from 62.67% to 76.67%, with moderate anemia becoming predominant (59.13%) and severe anemia emerging (1.74%). White blood cell and platelet counts significantly decreased after treatment (P<0.01). Conclusion: Chemotherapy induces significant hematological toxicity. Regular blood monitoring and early anemia management through dose modifications or nutritional support are essential. Long-term follow-up is recommended to assess the impact of these alterations on patient prognosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azab Elsayed Azab, Rabie Alwan Yahya, Ruqaya Al-Shaibani Al-Arousi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Critical View of Safety on Bile Duct Injuries During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Retrospective Study
Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy helps treat gallbladder stones with injuries in the bile duct (BDI). A critical view of safety (CVS) is introduced to reduce the risk of misidentification of BDI. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the routine use of CVS on bile duct injuries during laparoscopic surgery in the surgical unit of Almgreaf Ajdabiya Teaching Central Hospital in Libya. Method: The study included 138 randomly selected patients aged 70-79 years, diagnosed with gallbladder stones and admitted to one surgical unit. These patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy from January 2018 to December 2018. Result: The findings revealed that a critical view of Safety (CVS) was achieved in 135 cases, while no injuries in the bile duct were reported within the cases. The majority of patients were aged 30–39 years (n = 48, 34.8%), and most of them were female (45/48). The lowest frequency was observed in the 70–79-year age group (n = 3, 2.2%). Overall, females constituted 120 cases (87.0%), while males accounted for 18 cases (13.0%). Compared to males, females had a higher incidence of biliary colic, chronic calculus cholecystitis, empyema of the gallbladder, and gallbladder polyps. Furthermore, females presented with a greater number of preoperative diagnoses than male patients. Conclusion: The study concluded that routine use of a critical view of safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safer and reproducible technique for identifying the biliary anatomy and its association with minor bile duct injuries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdugadir Abdulrahman, Omar Eldurssi, Jamal Alsharif, Melad Asfor , Hayfa Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
High prevalence of Obesity and Suboptimal Glycemic Control Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Private Clinics of Tripoli, Libya: a cross-Sectional Study
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant public health challenge globally, with effective management being crucial to prevent long-term complications. Understanding the clinical profile and factors associated with glycemic control in specific regional settings is essential for optimizing care. Aim: The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of T2DM patients attending private outpatient clinics in Tripoli, Libya, and to determine the association between their prescribed treatment regimen and the achievement of glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%). Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the medical records of 120 adult T2DM patients from a private outpatient clinic in Tripoli, Libya, between May and September 2025. Demographic data, Body Mass Index (BMI), diabetes duration, HbA1c level, and treatment regimen (Lifestyle only, Oral agents only, Insulin only, Combination therapy) were collected. The association between treatment regimen and glycemic control was assessed using the Chi-square test. Results: The cohort showed a high prevalence of excess body weight, with 83.3% of patients classified as overweight or obese. Overall, 63.3% of patients had uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7%). A statistically significant association was found between the type of treatment regimen and glycemic control (p = 0.024). Patients on lifestyle-only treatment had the highest rate of control (57.1%), while those on insulin-only (22.2%) and Combination therapy (20%) had the lowest rates of control. Conclusion: This study highlights a high burden of obesity and suboptimal glycemic control among T2DM patients in this private clinical setting in Libya. The findings suggest that patients requiring more intensive therapies face greater challenges in achieving glycemic targets, underscoring the need for integrated weight management and enhanced support for adherence to complex treatment regimens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najia A. Mahdawi, Narjes ALmsagrei, Ebtesam Ali Beshna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Histopathological Analysis of Asymptomatic Huge Radicular Cyst: Contributory Factors and Unique Feature for an Adult Libyan Patient
Background: Radicular cysts are the most prevalent odontogenic cystic lesions of the jaws, typically arising from epithelial remnants in periapical granulomas following pulpal necrosis. While usually asymptomatic and small, they can occasionally attain considerable dimensions, presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This report details the management of a massive, asymptomatic radicular cyst in a young adult, emphasizing the critical role of advanced imaging and a multidisciplinary approach. Case Presentation: A 22-year-old Libyan male presented with a 6-month history of a painless, progressively enlarging swelling in the left anterior maxilla. Clinical examination revealed a significant palatal swelling extending from teeth #22 to #25. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging delineated a well-defined, corticated unilocular radiolucency measuring approximately 3.5 x 2.8 cm, causing substantial palatal bone erosion. The involved teeth (#22, #23, #24) were non-vital. The treatment plan comprised preoperative endodontic therapy on the involved teeth, followed by CBCT-guided surgical enucleation via a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of a radicular cyst, showing a lining of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with a dense, chronically inflamed fibrous capsule. Conclusion: This case underscores that radicular cysts, though common, can present with extensive bony destruction without classic symptoms. It highlights the indispensable utility of CBCT for accurately assessing lesion extent and anatomical relationships preoperatively. A combined endodontic-surgical strategy ensured complete removal of the pathologic tissue while preserving the involved teeth and surrounding structures, resulting in successful rehabilitation and patient satisfaction. Long-term follow-up is essential to monitor healing and ensure the absence of recurrence.
Copyright (c) 2018 Yousef S.Z.Salem, Mahmoud A. Aloriby, Milad Mohammed Elojaly , Janat.S.Alkadeke, Moutaz F. Gebril (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Additive Effects of Streptozotocin and Aluminum Chloride on Cognitive Decline and Brain Damage in Rats: A Behavioral and Histopathological
Background: Streptozotocin (STZ) and Aluminum Chloride (AlCl₃) are recognized neurotoxins implicated in models of cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This study investigated the comparative effects of STZ, AlCl₃, and their combination on cognitive performance and brain structural integrity. Methods: Cognitive function was assessed using the T-maze test, and structural damage was evaluated through histopathological examination of brain tissue across four groups: Control, STZ-treated, AlCl₃-treated, and Combination-treated. Results: All three treatment groups showed significant cognitive impairment and histopathological changes compared to the Control group. In the T-maze test, the Combination group exhibited the maximum degree of cognitive impairment, showing a significantly greater deficit than either the STZ or AlCl₃ groups alone. In contrast, histopathological assessment revealed that the magnitude of cellular and structural impairment was comparable across the STZ, AlCl₃, and Combination groups, though all were significantly different from the Control. Conclusion: Co-exposure to STZ and AlCl₃ leads to a marked synergistic or additive effect on behavioral neurotoxicity, resulting in maximal cognitive deficits. However, the histopathological evidence suggests that the individual agents (STZ or AlCl₃) may already induce a comparable level of maximal structural damage, indicating a dissociation between the severity of morphological and functional impairment under these experimental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huda M Gargoum, Muftah M Muftah, Amira M Abelhamid, Kadija R Sharee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Investigating Public Awareness About the Effect of Over-the-Counter Drugs on the Heart in Benghazi City, Libya
Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are widely used for self-treatment without medical supervision. While considered generally safe, some OTCs— such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), decongestants, and certain pain relievers — have been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and increased risk of heart attacks. Despite this, public awareness about these risks remains limited, especially in developing countries like Libya, where regulation and health education are often insufficient. Benghazi, as a major city, presents an important context for assessing such awareness. Aim: To assess the awareness of the public of Benghazi about the effect of OTCs on heart health. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study is composed of two main sections: Section A – Pharmacist Survey: A short Google Forms questionnaire consisting of four questions was distributed among pharmacists to identify the most commonly dispensed OTCs and understand local usage trends. The same data collection period and analysis methods were applied as in Section B.– Public Survey: A structured online questionnaire was shared via social media platforms to assess public knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes concerning the use of OTCs and their cardiovascular impact in Benghazi. Sample Size: 385 participants (determined using Cochran’s formula). Exclusion Criteria: Medical doctors, medical students, and individuals with cardiac conditions. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics and reliability testing using SPSS.Results: 328 participants completed the survey and were included in the present analysis. 53.9% of the participants were female, with the majority (34.2%) aged between 21 and 30 years old. Additionally, 85.6% attended university, 20.7% reported having chronic diseases. Conclusion: The findings of this study are consistent with both local and international research, highlighting the critical need to bridge the gap between awareness and behaviour. Comprehensive educational initiatives and regulatory improvements are essential to reduce cardiovascular and systemic risks associated with inappropriate OTC medication use
. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed K. A. Elkawafi, Mahmoud A M Elmansourya, Zainab. O. Benamer, Sajeda. A .Al-Majbri, Rana Abdalmajeed, Nuha. A. El-Naas, Nouri Mumash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Characteristics of Oral Tumors among Libyan Patients
Background: Oral tumors comprise a wide spectrum of lesions with variable biological behavior and represent a significant health concern worldwide. In Libya, epidemiological and clinicopathological data on oral tumors remain scarce and fragmented. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using medical and histopathological records of 152 patients diagnosed with oral tumors between April 2024 and December 2025. Data on age, sex, anatomical site, histopathological diagnosis, tumor nature (benign or malignant), and treatment modalities were collected and analyzed descriptively. Results: The mean age of patients was 46.3 ± 15.8 years, with a male predominance (61.8%) and a male-to-female ratio of 1.6:1. The most affected age group was 41–60 years. The tongue was the most common anatomical site (34.2%), followed by the gingiva and buccal mucosa. Malignant tumors accounted for 64.5% of cases, with oral squamous cell carcinoma being the predominant histopathological type. Benign tumors constituted 35.5% of cases and were mainly odontogenic, particularly ameloblastoma and odontoma. Surgical treatment was the primary management approach, with adjuvant therapy applied in selected malignant cases. Conclusion: Malignant oral tumors, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma, were predominant among middle-aged male patients, with the tongue as the most frequently involved site. These findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis, histopathological confirmation, and timely surgical intervention, and emphasize the need for improved awareness and preventive strategies to reduce the burden of oral tumors in Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salwa Alwafi Abukhedir, Sarah Yousuf Alhameedi, Tebra Ramadan Abdulsalam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Dental Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization, which may influence dental health. Despite extensive research, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and dental caries remains inconsistently reported. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential association between vitamin D deficiency and the prevalence of dental caries in adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 78 adults. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, medical history, vitamin D status, and oral health. Dental caries experience was measured using the DMFS and DMFT indices. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation analyses using SPSS. Results: The sample consisted predominantly of females (95%) and individuals under 30 years (86%). A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (96%) and dental caries (95%) was observed. While a significant association was found between vitamin D deficiency and self-reported oral problems (p=0.034), no significant association was found between vitamin D deficiency and the presence of dental caries (p=0.681), gum disease (p=0.925), or history of tooth extractions (p=0.111). Vitamin D levels did not significantly differ across age or gender groups. Conclusion: Despite the high co-prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and dental caries in this cohort, no direct statistical association was established. The findings suggest that while vitamin D deficiency may be linked to general oral health complaints, its specific role in caries etiology warrants further investigation through longitudinal or interventional study designs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdalah Albosefi , Aseel M .Othman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Ivy Leaf Extracts for Antibacterial Activity against Pathogenic Bacteria: No Evidence of Efficacy
Background: The global spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has created an urgent need for new antimicrobial treatments. This is especially critical in Libya, where infections from multidrug-resistant pathogens are common. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial potential of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from ivy leaves (Hedera helix) against these key pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: We prepared extracts using dried ivy leaves and tested them against clinical bacterial isolates using standard disc diffusion and broth macro-dilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Our results showed a complete absence of antibacterial activity. No zones of inhibition were observed in the disc diffusion assay, and the MIC for all extracts against all bacterial strains was determined to be greater than 100%, the highest concentration tested. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the therapeutic value of H. helix leaf extracts, while well- established for respiratory symptoms, does not include a direct antibacterial effect against the pathogens tested. The search for novel antimicrobials from botanical sources should focus on other plants and more advanced extraction techniques.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulgader Dhawi, Mahmoud Bashir Agena, Abdulali Taweel, Bushra E Aboukhadeer, Omaima B. Hassan , Dias A. Aljaffal , Wasan A. Shaqman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical, Surgical Characteristics, Pharmacotherapy Patterns, and Outcomes among Inpatients at Zawia Hospital
Background: Providing efficient healthcare and guaranteeing patient safety in tertiary care settings requires an understanding of inpatient clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and drug trends. The purpose of this study was to analyse the clinical, surgical, pharmacological, and demographic features of inpatients at Zawia Hospital in Libya between August and November 2025 and to determine how these features affected patient outcomes. Methods and Methods: 150 adult inpatient records from Zawia Hospital were used in a retrospective observational study. Demographics, comorbidities, surgical type, number of medications, antibiotic use, length of stay, polypharmacy (defined as concurrent use of ≥5 drugs), and ultimate outcomes were all included in the data. Python (SciPy) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the cohort, 40% were between the ages of 40 and 59, and 54.7% were men. Patients were split equally between the surgical and medical departments. 63.3% of patients had comorbidities. With a 13.3% complication rate, 40% of surgical patients (n = 75) had emergency procedures. Of all patients, 63.3% received antibiotics, and 40% had polypharmacy. While the mortality rate was 5.3%, the majority of patients (88%) were released. 46.7% of the patients spent less than five days in the hospital. Conclusion, Zawia Hospital has a substantial clinical burden due to high rates of comorbidities, antibiotic use, and polypharmacy. In order to maximise the quality and safety of inpatient care, better preoperative risk assessment, improved medication reconciliation, and greater antimicrobial stewardship are necessary, even if the majority of patients were successfully discharged.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebtesam Ali Beshna, Akram Ali Beshna, Saher Abdnasser Beshna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Management of Scrotal Hematoma and Microsurgical Vasovasostomy Following Right Herniotomy: A First Case.
This article details the case of a 2-year-old male who developed a scrotal hematoma after a standard right herniotomy. Preliminary conservative measures proved inadequate, necessitating surgical evacuation. A vas deferens injury was identified during the procedure, requiring microsurgical vasovasostomy to repair the disruption and preserve fertility. Postoperative hemorrhage, an uncommon but reported complication in pediatric herniotomies, occurs in roughly 1.5%–5% of cases, as indicated in the literature. This case underscores the challenges of managing uncommon complications in pediatric hernia procedures and highlights the importance of microsurgical proficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jalal Muftah Ahmid, Tamer Missellati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Social Media in Supporting Learning and Clinical Exposure: Perceptions of Dental Students
Social media (SM) has become a widely used tool among dental students for communication and educational purposes. Its growing use raises questions about its impact on learning behaviors and academic performance. Aim: explore the extent of social media use among dental students and to examine their perceptions of its role in supporting learning processes and facilitating clinical exposure of fourth-year and intern dental students at Zawia University, Libya.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire distributed to 105 dental students. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage distributions. Results: All participants reported daily SM use. Facebook and YouTube were the most accessed platforms. Most students agreed that SM enhanced access to learning materials (97.1%) and supported independent learning (85.3%). The Internet was the preferred source for dental information (57.1%), mainly due to ease of access and updated content. However, a considerable proportion used SM during lectures and clinical sessions, and 37.1% had difficulty limiting SM use during examinations. Additionally, 57 students reported that SM negatively affected their academic performance. Conclusion: Social media serves as a beneficial supplementary tool for dental education, but excessive use may negatively influence academic performance. Structured guidelines promoting responsible SM use are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enas Ragab, Ebtisam Aboalgaith, Alkhansa Almokhtar Ghabas, Ghada Abougrara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of Immunotherapy Practices in a certain region in Libya
Background: In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches in cancer treatment. This therapeutic strategy enhances the body’s natural immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, immunotherapy aims to target cancer tumors while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Aim of the Study: The study aimed to identify and evaluate key strategies that enhance the immune system’s ability to combat cancer. These strategies include the use of immune-stimulatory factors and modifications to chemotherapy protocols that support immune function. Materials and Methods: This study included 30 cancer patients recruited from several hospitals in Libya. Fifteen cases were obtained from Tripoli Teaching Medical Hospital, nine from Sabratha Oncology Hospital, five from Al-Yasmeen Center for Radiotherapy, and one case from Misurata Oncology Hospital. Data collected included age, gender, presence of chronic diseases, cancer type, and disease stage. The study was conducted over a three-month period from October to December 2023.Results: The results showed that 46.7% of the participating patients received immunotherapy, highlighting the critical role of. The immune system is a primary defense mechanism against cancer. The immune system targets cancer cells through specialized immune cells such as T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, as well as through the secretion of immune-mediated compounds that attack tumors. Conclusion: The immune system represents a fundamental barrier against cancer development and progression. Understanding immune mechanisms and the factors influencing immune responses is essential for developing more effective cancer treatment strategies, particularly in Libya.
Sabratha Oncology Hospital, Al-Yasmeen Center for Radiotherapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Emhamed Boras, Abtisam Dhaw, Omro Aburas, Abdulhakim Naffati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension as Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Young Adults Attending Benghazi Nephrology Center: A Cross-Sectional Study (2019–2022)
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is kidney damage or a low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for more than 3 months. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease are the main underlying causes of CKD.Aim: To assess diabetes mellitus and hypertension as risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), in the AL-Hawari Nephrology Center, in Benghazi, Libya, in young adults aged between 18 and 40 years, through the period from 2019 to 2022.Materials and methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional design. The data were collected from the medical records of admitted patients and the outpatient clinic at Al Hawari Nephrology Center in Benghazi, Libya. Results: The total number of patients during the study period was 408. The mean age± SD was 30 ± 7 years, with male to female ratio of 1.3:1; the prevalence of CRF in the aged 18 to 40 years was 81.6 patients per 100,000 population. In our study, regarding the risk factors the hypertension was identified 195 patients (47.8%), diabetes mellitus was 77 patients (18.9%), single kidney patients in 53 patients (13%), polycystic kidney disease in 40 patients (10%), glomerulonephritis in 26 patients (6.4%), and autoimmune diseases among 19 patients (4.7%). The combined of both risk factors, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, is together (13.9%). Regarding CKD outcome, stage 4 and 5 CKD among 48 patients (11.8 %), hemodialysis patients in 41 patients (10%), and 123 patients (30%) were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the main causes of CKD. Near quarter of patients progressed to the advanced stage of CKD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intesar.M. Herwees, Ghazala Othman Elfeitouri, Salah El-din Amer, Al-Saliheen Mohamed Majeed, Saad Mustafa Mostafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Non-Operative Management of High-Grade Blunt Renal Trauma in Misurata Medical Center, Libya
Background: In trauma cases, genitourinary tract injuries occur in approximately 10% of cases, with renal trauma being the most common. Management of blunt renal trauma has evolved from operative to non-operative approaches over the last 30 years. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of non-operative management (NOM) for high-grade blunt renal trauma at Misurata Medical Center, Libya, from January 2016 to January 2018. Sixty-seven male patients (ages 25-67) were included. Results: The primary mechanisms of injury were road traffic accidents (52%), falls (28%), and fighting (20%), with most non-MVA injuries occurring during the 2016 war. The right kidney was more frequently affected (61%). The majority of injuries were Grade III and IV lacerations. Eighty-seven percent of patients presented with associated abdominal organ injuries. Two patients with Grade V injuries, who were hemodynamically unstable with active bleeding and associated liver trauma, underwent immediate nephrectomy. Crucially, the study found that renal injury grade was not a statistically significant predictor for operative management in hemodynamically stable patients. Short-term complications included urinary tract infections, hematuria, and abscesses. Mortality was not significant for stable patients. Conclusion: This study supports the increasing trend towards conservative management, demonstrating that NOM is largely successful for high-grade blunt renal trauma in hemodynamically stable patients, with a low failure rate and excellent renal salvage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salem M. Swieb , Moneer M. Badish , Mohamed Elzwawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Radioprotective Role of Folic Acid on Testicular Structure and Serum Testosterone in Male Rabbits Exposed to X-Ray Irradiation.
Background: Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly X-rays, induces harmful effects on radiosensitive tissues such as the male reproductive system through the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cellular degeneration. These alterations negatively affect spermatogenic cells and Leydig cell function, leading to impaired spermatogenesis and decreased testosterone production. Folic acid, an essential B vitamin involved in DNA synthesis, repair, and antioxidant defense, has been proposed as a potential radioprotective agent. This study aimed to evaluate the radioprotective effects of folic acid on testicular tissue and serum testosterone levels in male rabbits exposed to X-ray irradiation. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult male rabbits were randomly assigned to four equal groups (n = 5): control, folic acid–treated (0.07 mg/kg body weight orally for one month), X-ray–exposed (80 kV, distance 98 cm, once daily for one week), and a folic acid plus X-ray group in which animals received folic acid for one month prior to irradiation. Clinical signs and body weight were monitored throughout the experiment. Serum testosterone levels were measured using ELISA, and testicular tissues were collected for histopathological examination following hematoxylin and eosin staining. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: X-ray exposure caused a significant reduction in serum testosterone levels and induced marked histopathological alterations, including edema, necrosis of spermatogenic cells, reduced germinal layers, and oligospermia. In contrast, folic acid administration, either alone or prior to irradiation, maintained testosterone levels near normal values and markedly reduced testicular damage. Pretreated rabbits exhibited preservation of seminiferous tubule architecture and improved cellular integrity. Conclusion: These findings indicate that folic acid exerts a significant protective effect against X-ray–induced testicular injury and may serve as a supportive strategy to mitigate radiation-induced reproductive toxicity when used within approved therapeutic doses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munira, M. Abdulsayid , Mona M.Almansory, Eman Z Younis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Unusual MRI characteristics of Posterior Cranial Fossa Dermoid Cyst Associated with Klippel-Feil syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.
Intracranial dermoid cysts are rare inclusion cysts characterized as well-defined cystic lesions with typically distinct Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features. However, in rare cases, their imaging features can be atypical because of their variable components. This case report highlights unusual radiological findings of a posterior cranial fossa dermoid cyst that deviates from typical presentation patterns and reveals a rare association between these lesions and Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS). We detail the case of a 50-year-old female patient who presented with progressive weakness, persistent headaches, and deteriorating vision. MRI of the brain displayed a 6X4.5 cm well-defined cystic lesion in the posterior fossa, showing hyperintensity on T1-weighted images (T1WI) and profound hypointensity on T2-weighted images (T2WI), along with cervical vertebrae fusion indicative of KFS. These atypical imaging findings of posterior cranial fossa dermoid cyst challenge conventional diagnostic patterns and underline the necessity for further exploration of these lesions to avoid misdiagnosis. Also presence of posterior cranial fossa dermoid cysts should be considered in a patient diagnosed with KFS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Shaka, Mohamed Sherfad, Bashir Ayad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Avian Haemosporidium Effects on some blood parameters of free range chickens.
Background: Avian hemoparasites pose a major risk to poultry farming in North African nations; however, there is limited information on their prevalence and effects in Libya.. Objective: This research aimed to assess the occurrence of blood parasites in domestic chickens across Libya and to analyze their influence on complete blood count (CBC) and bilirubin levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 domestic chickens were studied, collected from different regions of Libya. Blood samples were taken and analyzed using the Giemsa staining method for parasite detection. Hematological parameters, including red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume (PCV), along with total bilirubin levels, were recorded. The chickens were divided into infected (n=27) and non-infected (n=23) groups. Results: Microscopic analysis identified three types of hemoparasites: Leucocytozoon spp. (11.1%), Haemoproteus spp. (18.5%), and Plasmodium spp. (14.8%). Infected chickens exhibited a marked decrease in RBC count (2.1±0.4 vs 2.9±0.5 ×10⁶/μL, p<0.01), hemoglobin levels (9.2±1.8 vs 11.8±2.1 g/dL, p<0.01), and PCV (24.3±4.2 vs 31.5±5.1%, p<0.01) when compared to non-infected ones. Moreover, total bilirubin levels rose significantly in infected chickens (0.68±0.15 vs 0.32±0.08 mg/dL, p<0.001), and the WBC count was higher in the infected group (23.4±3.2 vs 16.8±2.5 ×10³/μL, p<0.01). Conclusion: Blood parasites are widespread among domestic chickens in Libya, leading to significant changes in hematological parameters such as anemia and elevated bilirubin levels. These findings suggest a potential negative impact on poultry health and productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nagia A. S. Abdalsalam, Hana. A. Ali, Ahmad, Boulabyidh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0