The Libyan Journal of Medical Research is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that provides a fast-track, high-quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communications, and case reports in all areas of Medical and applied Sciences. Submissions are accepted in the English language. LJMR operates under an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription fee. Please note that there is an article processing and publishing charge of 100 US Dollars for international and 350 DL for local each accepted manuscript in order for the journal to continue its high performance. All papers are subjected to a peer-review process. Moreover, with the presence of international referees, the process of decision-making on the acceptance/rejection of all submitted manuscripts will be done rapidly and to the highest standards. Articles in Libyan Journal of Medical Research are open Access Under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY). This license permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, is not changed in any way, and is not used for commercial The Libyan Journal of Medical Research has obtained the Arab Impact Factor 2024. and 2025 The journal is owned by the Libyan Medical Research Center, and the management of the journal is made by the editorial team
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The use of Spirometry in COPD diagnosis, auditing a snap shot of the current practice in a Libyan tertiary center’s Chest unit.
Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent condition in Benghazi, Libya, and is well-known to impose a significant burden on global mortality and morbidity. International guidelines firmly establish spirometry as the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring COPD. However, in routine clinical practice, it is often observed that a diagnosis of COPD is made on clinical grounds alone, without the crucial objective confirmation provided by spirometric testing. Objective: This audit aimed to explore the practice of using spirometry to diagnose COPD, as recommended by international standards, within the Chest Unit of Benghazi Medical Center (BMC). Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patient files available in the chest unit during March 2023. Data about patients' demographics and diagnostic workups, particularly the rationale relied upon by physicians to make the diagnosis, including imaging and pulmonary function tests they were compared to the standard practice recommended by the GOLD guidelines for COPD diagnosis. Results: From a total of 1129 outpatient files, we identified 143 patients who had been labeled as having COPD. Their ages ranged from 36 to 85 years, and the vast majority were male. Our analysis revealed that only 88 of these 143 COPD patients (61.5%) had undergone spirometer testing, while the remaining 55 patients (38.5%) had been diagnosed without this essential investigation. Smoking status was not detailed in 41 patients (28.7%), chest radiographs were absent from the files in 67.8% of cases, and CT scans of the chest were documented in only 28.7% of patients. Conclusion: We, in total, achieved 62% of the audit's standard for spirometry use, leading to the inference that spirometry remains underused in the diagnosis of COPD in this snapshot.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashraf M. Rajab, Khalid A. Gaber (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of Dental Caries among Private School Children in Benghazi, Libya (2023)
Background: Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases globally and have serious health and economic burdens, greatly reducing quality of life for those affected. The most prevalent and consequential oral diseases are dental caries. Dental caries is considered a major public health problem in underdeveloped or developing countries. Therefore, the present study aimed at determining the prevalence of dental caries among school children.Material and Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the city of Benghazi targeting children among seven private schools, both sexes, all ages, using a systematic sampling, a collection form containing information about socio-demographic characteristics of study participants was used and the children had examined for dental caries by the study investigators for the presence of dental caries depend WHO diagnostic criteria for caries.Result: A Total of 917 students included in this study were 56.5% of the student were male and 43.6% female; most of them were from the 5 - 10 age group with 63.6%, with a Mean = 9.95 ± 2.6 standard deviation. The prevalence of dental caries among school children was 43.9%. The dental caries prevalence was significantly associated with age and specific school; the study participants with higher prevalence in the age groups 5-10 years. There was no significant association between gender and dental caries. Conclusion: The study concluded that dental caries is common among school children, significantly varying by age and socioeconomic status. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted prevention and intervention strategies to improve dental health and support overall well-being and academic success.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amina Muftah Elsaid, Nadia AM Eldarogi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Infantile urinary tract infection, presentations and outcomes in General Hospital, Tripoli, Libya: A Single-Center retrospective analytical cross-sectional study
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of fever and hospitalization in infants. Early diagnosis and management are vital to prevent short and long-term complications. We aimed to describe clinical features, laboratory and imaging findings, risk factors, and short-term outcomes among infants <1 year hospitalized with UTI. Materials and Methods: A Single-Center retrospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pediatric Department of Al-Hadaba Al-Khadra General Hospital, Tripoli, Libya. Data including fifty (50) infants hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of UTI between January and October 2024. Data were extracted from medical records, including demographics, presentation, laboratory results, imaging, risk factors, and outcomes. All infants received broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics adjusted according to culture sensitivity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize infants' characteristics. Associations were tested using Fisher’s exact/Chi-square, and logistic regression was planned for independent predictors. P < 0.05 was significant. Results: Fifty infants were included. Fever (96%) and vomiting (68%), were the most frequent symptoms. Abnormal renal ultrasound was detected in (44%), and positive urine culture in (14%). Eight infants (16%) had identifiable risk factors: Spina bifida (2), antenatal hydronephrosis (1), renal hypoplasia (1), maternal antenatal UTI (2), prolonged rupture of membranes (2), and uncircumcised males (4). Prolonged stay occurred in (22%), recurrence in (24%), and sepsis in (8%). Abnormal ultrasound and positive culture were independent predictors of prolonged stay, while risk factors and abnormal imaging predicted recurrence. Conclusion: UTI in infants commonly presents with systemic symptoms and significant imaging abnormalities. Abnormal renal ultrasound is a key predictor of prolonged stay, recurrence, and complications, highlighting the need for early imaging and structured follow-up of high-risk infants to prevent renal damage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fathia Hameda Ben Saleh, Zinab Ashour Saad, Aisha A. Sehari Gammodi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Prognostic Value of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Background: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays can detect myocardial injury at significantly lower concentrations than conventional assays. While the diagnostic and prognostic value of hs-cTn in acute coronary syndromes is well-established, its prognostic significance in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) remains less defined. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of hs-cTn for adverse outcomes in patients with stable CAD. Matrial and Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to May 2025. Studies reporting the association between baseline hs-cTn levels and clinical outcomes in stable CAD patients were included. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Ten studies comprising 14,938 patients with stable CAD were included in the quantitative analysis. Elevated hs-cTn levels were significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (pooled HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.43-1.57, I² = 24.0%) and cardiovascular events (pooled HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.38-1.51, I² = 50.8%). The prognostic value remained consistent across different hs-cTn assays (T and I) and was independent of traditional risk factors, renal function, and left ventricular ejection fraction. A troponin ratio >0.24 (relative to the 99th percentile upper reference limit) identified over 50% of patients at risk for death and heart failure hospitalization. Conclusions: Elevated hs-cTn levels are independently associated with increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with stable CAD. Incorporating hs-cTn measurement into risk stratification algorithms may improve prognostic assessment in this population. Future research should focus on establishing optimal cutoff values and determining whether hs-cTn-guided management strategies can improve outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Abdelraso, Rasha J Abraheem, Ahmed S Mikael, Mahmoud A. Aloriby, Mohamed K A Elkawafi , Tarik Ali Alghoj, Yousef M. A. Hasen, Hamza A Osman, Amani Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Groundwater Quality from a Chemical and Microbiological Perspective in Selected Domestic Wells in Al-Sarraj, Tripoli
Background: Access to safe drinking water remains a global challenge, particularly in arid regions such as Libya, where groundwater is the primary source of domestic water supply. This study assessed the chemical and microbiological quality of groundwater from selected domestic wells in western Tripoli and compared results with Libyan drinking water standards. Material and Methods: A total of 20 groundwater samples were collected from domestic wells (35–100 m depth) in Al-Sarraj, Janzour, Al-Swani, and Bu Ghubba. Physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), major ions, and hardness, were analyzed. Microbiological analyses targeted total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and total bacterial counts. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Results: Most samples exceeded Libyan standards for TDS (>3000 mg/L) and total hardness (>1400 mg/L). Approximately 60% of shallow wells (35–60 m) exhibited the highest contamination rates. E. coli concentrations reached up to 129 CFU/100 mL. Overall, the majority of wells were unsuitable for human consumption. Conclusions: Domestic wells in western Tripoli exhibit significant chemical and microbial contamination, rendering them unsafe for drinking water. Urgent interventions, including regular monitoring, enforcement of drilling regulations, and public awareness campaigns, are required.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim E. Gharibi, Mohamad Orhuma, Abubaker Abutartour, Nour AlShamakhi, Lotfia El Majdoub, Hajar AlGhariani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Predictive Value of Fibrosis-4 Score Index for Cirrhosis-Related Complications in a Libyan Patient Cohort
Background: Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of chronic liver disease, and it's considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Early detection of complications such as esophageal varices is critical for improving outcomes. There are non-invasive markers that can reduce the need for unnecessary invasive procedures. The Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4) has shown promise in assessing liver fibrosis and predicting the risk of varices and other complications. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the utility of the Fibrosis-4 Index score as a predictor for the presence of complications (current or past) in patients with established liver cirrhosis. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted at the outpatient hepatology clinics of Benghazi Medical Center. A convenience sample of adult patients (aged 18 years and above) with an established diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was consecutively included in the study. The Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Index score was calculated for each patient. Results: The study included a total of 101 patients (48 (47.5%) males and 53 (52.5%) females), with liver cirrhosis. The FIB-4 Index score was evaluated in three categories: <1.45, 1.45–3.25, and >3.25. A statistically significant association was found between a FIB-4 Index score >3.25 and the overall frequency of complications (Pearson Chi-square = 7.509, p = 0.006). Conclusions: The study findings add to the existing evidence supporting the clinical utility of the FIB-4 index score (and platelet count ) as a non-invasive marker of the presence of cirrhosis complications. It's particularly reliable in predicting the presence ( cut-off value of 3.25) or absence of complications during the evaluation of liver cirrhosis patients, depending on the score value. Further work-up (e.g. endoscopy) can be restricted to patients with a high risk of having complications, thus avoiding unnecessary tests and reducing the costs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdelhakim M. Elbarsha, Sahar H.Summad, Mabrouka M.Alshokri, Sami A. Lawgaly, Mussa G. Tuwati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pregabalin Misuse and Associated Adverse Events: A Cross-Sectional Study in Libya
Background: Pregabalin, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue, is widely prescribed for neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, anxiety disorders, and epilepsy. Despite its therapeutic value, pregabalin has been increasingly associated with misuse and significant adverse effects. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and pattern of adverse effects related to pregabalin abuse among adults in Western Libya. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Zawiya, Libya. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 80 participants with a history of pregabalin use. Descriptive statistics were applied. Results: The majority of participants (55%) were young adults (20–30 years), and 57.5% reported non-medical use of pregabalin. High doses (≥300 mg) were commonly used without medical supervision. Reported side effects included blurred vision (75%), sleepiness (72.5%), dry mouth (65%), and cognitive impairment (45%). Withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation were severe, including headache (87.5%), stress (80%), sleep disturbance (77.5%), tachycardia (75%), and depression (60%).Conclusion: Pregabalin misuse is prevalent among Libyan adults, particularly young individuals with low educational levels. Adverse effects and withdrawal symptoms were frequent and severe, underscoring the urgent need for stronger regulatory measures, public awareness campaigns, and safer prescribing practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanan Alhadi Thwer, Entesar Rajeb Knaz, Hager Tahir Ali , Sara M. El. Ahmed , Najway Ali Mohmmed, Wayel A. Almrabet , Suhila Alhadi Atwier, .Asma.M. bsheena (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Nurses' Knowledge and Practices in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Care at Al-Zawia Medical Center – Libya.
Background: Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the most common diabetic complications found today. These ulcers can often lead to infection, gangrene, limb amputation, and even death. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the level of nurses' knowledge and practices concerning the care of diabetic foot ulcer patients. Material and Methodology: This was a hospital-based design study among one hundred (100) consented working nurses at Al-Zawia Medical Center, Western Libya, both gender (49 males and 51 females) were recruited during the period from December 2024, to April 2025, demographic data were collected by validated structured questionnaire, and analyzed, frequency and percentage calculated by known medical statistician. Results: The study indicated that half of the nurses were aged between 18 and 28 years, 51% of the participants were female, and most of them had a Nursing Certificate (39%). The study revealed that the participants gained a moderate level of knowledge among the nurses at Al Zawia Medical Center- Libya. However, regarding experiences and training, results were found that (56%) had less than 5 years of experience and (43%) did not receive training in diabetic foot care, highlighting a knowledge gap, particularly in duration and quality of training. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the majority of nurses working in different wards at Al-Zawia Medical Center, with various educational levels, short periods of experience and practice, have a moderate level of knowledge concerning diabetic foot care, and generally, there are specific gaps, particularly in continuous training, knowledge, quality, and adequate period of practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siddig Bushra Mohamed, Salih A. Elmahdi, Abdelmoez Eshrif, Abdelkrem Mohamed Abdalla, Ibrahim H. Mohamed, Ahmed M. Aljnien, Elaf A. Almogwas, Hashem M. Abdelmola, Khalifa A.Almzalet (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Early Assessment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Using the Nørgaard Radiographic Method and Rheumatoid Factor Testing
Background: This comparative study was conducted between July 25 and December 31, 2022, at Abusurra Hospital and Zawia Teaching Hospital in Libya to assess the efficacy of the Norgaard radiographic method versus laboratory analysis in the early detection of rheumatoid arthritis. A total of 64 patients of varying ages and clinical presentations were examined using both diagnostic approaches. Material and Methods: Radiographic assessment was performed using the Norgaard method, which focuses on early joint deformities, particularly in the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, while blood samples were collected for serological testing, including markers such as Rheumatoid Factor (RF). Results showed that 3 cases were identified simultaneously by both methods, 12 cases were exclusively detected using the Norgaard radiographs, and 8 cases were identified through laboratory analysis alone. These findings suggest that the Norgaard method may offer superior sensitivity in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid inflammation, especially when radiographic signs precede serological changes. However, the combination of both methods may enhance diagnostic confidence and reduce false negatives in ambiguous clinical cases. Conclusion:. We recommend that future research include broader screening of suspected rheumatoid arthritis cases in outpatient settings using both radiological and laboratory approaches. Emphasis should be placed on standardizing radiographic criteria and correlating imaging findings with serological profiles and clinical symptoms to establish a more comprehensive diagnostic framework.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajab M. Ben Yousef , Mohammed H. Joghlaf , Maryem M. Alswehly , Abdel Nafaa M. Altunsi , Fathi A. Awushah , Mohamed A. Wadan , Radouane A. Belfkih , Marwah M. Almabrok (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effectiveness of Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) in Enhancing Nerve Regeneration Following Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Background: Mandibular third molar surgery can lead to neurosensory disturbances due to potential damage to the inferior alveolar nerve. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), an autologous blood-derived biomaterial, has been proposed as a potential adjunct to enhance nerve regeneration and improve clinical outcomes following these procedures. Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of autologous PRF in enhancing nerve regeneration following mandibular third molar surgery based on available randomized controlled trials. Material and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase for randomized controlled trials evaluating PRF application after mandibular third molar surgery. Studies were assessed for quality using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Data on nerve regeneration outcomes and related clinical parameters were extracted and analyzed. Results: Four studies met the inclusion criteria, with only one study directly measuring nerve regeneration outcomes. This study demonstrated significant improvement in the brush directional stroke discrimination test (BDSD) in the PRF group (p < 0.001), though no significant differences were observed in two-point discrimination (TPD) and self-reported neurosensory disturbance (SR-NSD). The other studies focused on related clinical outcomes, including pain, swelling, trismus, and bone healing, consistently showing the benefits of PRF application. Meta-analysis of pain reduction showed a standardized mean difference of -0.74 (95% CI: -0.97 to -0.52) favoring PRF. Conclusions: While limited evidence suggests PRF may enhance nerve regeneration following mandibular procedures, more research specifically focused on neurosensory outcomes after third molar surgery is needed. PRF consistently demonstrates benefits for pain reduction, swelling control, and improved healing, making it a promising adjunctive treatment. Future studies should incorporate standardized neurosensory testing to better evaluate PRF's impact on nerve regeneration.
Meta-Analysis Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs
Copyright (c) 2025 Taher Hamed Mahmud Al Khfif, Haytham, A. K. Matougs, Ahmed s Mikael, Rabab R.Elhassi, Aseel. k .sharif (Author); Rasha j Abraheem (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Serum Vitamin D and Calcium Levels among Patients with Hypothyroidism: A Comparative Study in Albayda, Libya
Purpose: Vitamin D is essential for the proper functioning of numerous organs, including the thyroid gland. Therefore, a deficiency in vitamin D is considered a potential risk factor for developing various thyroid disorders, particularly hypothyroidism. The present study aimed to evaluate the serum concentrations of vitamin D and calcium in individuals who have been diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods The research was conducted on a cohort of 150 patients with hypothyroidism at the Department of Internal Medicine, Albayda Medical Center, in Albayda, Libya. Serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were measured in all participants. A control group consisting of 100 healthy individuals was used for comparison. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum vitamin D concentrations below 20 ng/mL. Results: Our findings indicated that patients with hypothyroidism exhibited significantly reduced serum levels of both vitamin D and calcium compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, it is strongly advised that individuals with hypothyroidism be screened for vitamin D and calcium deficiencies and, if necessary, receive appropriate supplementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nusieba A. Ibrahim, Yahya Saber E. Mansour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Practices of Self-Medication Among Pharmacy Students in Tripoli, Libya
Background: Self-medication (SM) is prevalent among university students, particularly in pharmacy programs, raising concerns about misuse and antimicrobial resistance. Aim: To assess the prevalence, conditions, treatments, and reasons for SM among pharmacy students in Tripoli, Libya. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to June 2024 at a Tripoli university. Of 140 invited students, 95 responded (67.9%) via a self-administered questionnaire. Results: SM prevalence was 90.5% (86/95), with 89.9% of females and 93.8% of males self-medicating. Headache and common cold (84.2% each) were the most treated conditions, with analgesics (82.1%), antibiotics (67.4%), and vitamins (74.7%) commonly used. The Internet was the primary information source (42.1%). Prior experience with illness (69.5%) and drugs (67.4%) drove SM. No significant gender differences were found (P>0.05). Conclusion: findings of high SM prevalence, especially antibiotic misuse (67.4%), highlight the need for educational interventions and stricter regulations in medicines and health care providers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Almabrok D. Saeed, Mahmoud B. Agena, Khayri A. Ali, Mohamed D. Said, Mohamed M. Mhimed, Ahmad B. Ajdidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Survey on Drug–Drug Interactions and Medicine Use in Hospitalized Patients
Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a significant concern in hospitalized patients, as they can compromise treatment effectiveness and patient safety. Limited data exist regarding the prevalence, patterns, and awareness of DDIs in Libyan healthcare settings, where both hospital and private clinic patients often receive multiple medications, including prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal remedies. Understanding these patterns is essential for optimizing pharmacotherapy and preventing adverse outcomes. Aim of the study: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DDIs and patterns of medicine use among hospitalized patients in Libyan hospitals and private clinics, while also assessing patient awareness and attitudes toward DDIs. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2025. Adult patients (≥18 years) admitted for at least 24 hours and prescribed two or more medications were included. Data were collected from medical records and prescribing charts and entered into SPSS version 26.0. Potential DDIs were identified using validated screening tools. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were applied to analyze demographic characteristics, medication use patterns, and awareness levels. Results: The study revealed a heterogeneous patient demographic, with widespread use of prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medications. Awareness of DDIs was moderate (50%), yet 55% of patients believed that combining medicines could be harmful. Reported adverse effects due to drug combinations were noted by 52% of participants. Medication disclosure to healthcare providers was inconsistent, with only 36% always informing, 35% sometimes, and 29% never disclosing their use of additional medicines. Importantly, 57% of patients expressed a desire for more information about DDIs. Conclusion: This study offers foundational insights into the prevalence and awareness of DDI among hospitalized patients in Libya. The results emphasize the urgent need for enhanced medication safety strategies, including patient education, routine DDI screening, and strengthened patient-provider communication. Future research should focus on identifying specific DDI types, evaluating their clinical impact, and testing the effectiveness of preventive interventions to optimize pharmacotherapy and improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ebtesam A. Beshna, Fadhil A. ALshareef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Determinants of Consanguinity among the Libyan Population in Misurata as an Important Family and Child Health Issue
Background: Consanguineous marriage is a deeply rooted cultural practice in many Mediterranean and Middle Eastern populations, including Libya, and it plays a significant role in the burden of genetic diseases and public health. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and patterns of consanguineous marriages in Misurata, Libya, and to assess their potential role in increasing the risk of inherited disorders. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to June 2025 at zero-dose vaccine centers in Misurata. A total of 500 fathers accompanying their children for vaccination were interviewed using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire that gathered information on demographic characteristics, marital relationships, and consanguinity status. Results: Out of the 500 couples, consanguinity was observed in 180 cases (36%), including paternal first cousins (8.6%), maternal first cousins (6.8%), double first cousins (2.6%), second cousins from the father’s side (3.8%) and mother’s side (3.4%), and more distant relatives (10.8%). The average age was 31.4±6.9 years for wives and 39.7±7.9 years for husbands. A family history of inherited disease was reported in 9.6% of the couples. Conclusions: Consanguineous marriages, especially first-cousin unions, remain highly prevalent in Misurata. Targeted genetic counseling, culturally sensitive awareness programs, and updated research are urgently needed to reduce the incidence of inherited disorders in the Libyan population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryem Elbashir Ismail, Fatheia Ahmed Elrishi, Muftah Elbahloul, Osama H. Almajub, Malak Emad Elgubbi, Fatma Faraj Elsaghayer, Fatima Meftah alzalouk, Esraa Mahjoub Shagroun, Tasneem Mustafa Shaneshah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder: A Histopathological case report
We report the case of a 31-year-old man presenting with painless macroscopic hematuria, a rare symptom in young adults that often requires a thorough evaluation to exclude an underlying malignancy. Initial uroimaging and cystoscopic examination revealed a papillary lesion originating from the bladder neck and extending to the prostatic urethra, strongly suggesting a neoplastic process. The patient underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), and histopathological analysis of the resected tissue revealed architectural and cytological features characteristic of a nephrogenic adenoma, a rare benign metaplastic lesion of the urothelium. Microscopic examination revealed tubular and papillary structures lined with cuboidal to nail-shaped epithelial cells, embedded in an edematous stroma. No cytological atypia, mitotic activity, or signs of urothelial carcinoma or other malignant transformation were identified. Nephrogenic adenoma is often misdiagnosed as carcinoma due to its histological resemblance to malignant entities, including adenocarcinoma and nested variants of urothelial carcinoma. This case highlights the critical importance of accurate histopathological interpretation to avoid overtreatment, particularly in young patients, for whom the psychosocial and physical consequences of a cancer diagnosis can be profound. This report aims to raise awareness among clinicians about this rare entity, highlight the diagnostic challenges it poses, and emphasize the need for clinicopathological correlation to ensure appropriate patient management. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and no recurrence was observed during short-term follow-up.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed A. Elwafi , Rihab Abdlsalam Alweshahi , Khaled Abdulmola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of the Physicochemical and Microbiological Groundwater Quality in the Jennawen, Shakshouk, and Jadu Agricultural Project Areas, Jadu City, Libya.
Background In arid regions such as Jennawen, Libya, groundwater is the primary source for drinking and irrigation, yet it is highly vulnerable to geogenic and anthropogenic contamination. This study aimed to assess the chemical and microbiological quality of 26 groundwater samples from wells and springs, including desalinated water. Material and Methods Physicochemical parameters (e.g., pH, salinity, major ions) and microbiological indicators (total coliforms, E. coli, total bacterial counts) were analyzed according to established guidelines. Results revealed that most untreated groundwater samples exceeded the permissible limits for salinity, hardness, and sodium. Furthermore, widespread bacterial contamination was identified, posing significant health risks. While desalinated water was free from microbiological contaminants, it was severely deficient in essential minerals. Conclusion: the groundwater in the Jennawen region requires urgent attention. Balanced water management strategies are critically needed to address both chemical and microbial contamination while maintaining an optimal mineral balance in potable water.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aisha Suliman Aldroujee, Abubaker Abutartour, Mailoud Omaro Abohanik, Lotfia Elmajdoub, Abdusalam M.Albdulla, Heba Ghurbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Comprehensive Review of Respiratory Failure: Pathogenesis, Clinical Strategies, Ethical Challenges, and Preventive Approaches: A Literature Review
Background: Respiration is a fundamental biological process that sustains life through the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and its environment. This perfectly balanced mechanism is vulnerable to disruptions from many causes, leading to various respiratory disorders. Among these, respiratory failure represents the most serious outcome, when the body is no longer able to maintain adequate gas exchange. Understanding this condition is crucial, as it lies at the intersection of physiology, pathology, and clinical care. Objectives: This review aims to clarify the principles of respiration and provide a clear definition of respiratory failure. It classifies the main types, examines the underlying causes and pathogenesis, and describes the symptoms patients may present with, as well as potential complications. It also addresses diagnostic methods, available therapeutic options, and prevention strategies. The ethical aspects of care are also highlighted, emphasizing the responsibility of clinicians in decision-making. Ultimately, this review aims to provide healthcare professionals with an integrated perspective that can improve patient outcomes and guide future clinical and research work. Conclusion: Our “Beyond Breath” journey redefines respiratory failure as a physiological crisis and a paradox. Three key insights define the way forward. First, the COVID-19 pandemic has blurred the line between acute and chronic respiratory failure, making integration essential. Second, while mechanical ventilation remains vital, its risks require AI-based lung-protective approaches aligned with natural physiology. Third, the inseparable link between mind and breath underscores the importance of psychological support in recovery. Looking ahead, respiratory medicine is entering a transformative era that unites science, technology, and humanism. “Breathing for others is the highest calling of medicine; our actions today shape our future, with Allah’s permission.”
Copyright (c) 2025 Rihab Abdlsalam Alweshahi, Mohamed A. Elwafi, Abofila MTM, Azab Elsayed Azab, Khaled Abdulmola, Mouni AAA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From Verbal Abuse to Legal Threats: Analyzing Assaults on Nursing Staff in a Libyan Healthcare Setting: A Case Study from Sorman General Hospital
Background. The study aims to identify the causes of violence against nursing staff at Sorman General Hospital, explore the forms of assault faced by the nursing staff, and examine the correlational relationship between the causes of violence and the forms of assault. A descriptive approach was adopted as it suited the study, and a questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Material and Methods The sample included 70 exposed and non-exposed individuals within Sorman General Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using the statistical analysis program SPSS 25. Results revealed a high prevalence of causes of violence, including leniency in enforcing penalties against perpetrators of violence within the hospital, tribal tensions, and the dominance of a culture of violence, lack of awareness, poor communication skills, and the belief that violence is a means to achieve goals. Additionally, a high prevalence of the most prominent forms of assault against nursing staff at Sorman General Hospital was identified, such as verbal abuse and shouting, refusal to cooperate, assault on nurses' personal property (e.g., cars, phones), and threats of legal action or imprisonment due to medical errors. The study also indicated that there is no statistically significant difference in the causes of violence and forms of assault against nursing staff, with a significance level of (α ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the study's findings, the researchers recommended the necessity of enforcing punitive laws against those who commit such violent behaviors and imposing strict regulations to prevent such potential violations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdalrauf A Mahmud Yousif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Failure of Antibiotic Therapy in a Chronic Carious Tooth with Purulent Discharge: Case Report of Successful Outcome Post-Extraction
Background: Chronic dental infections, especially those associated with carious teeth and persistent purulent discharge, pose a significant therapeutic challenge, particularly when antibiotic treatment fails. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and complicating factors such as biofilm formation and limited drug penetration contribute to treatment failure and persistent infection. Case Presentation: This report describes a 17-year-old female presenting with a cutaneous sinus tract on the lower border of the mandible, unresponsive to multiple antibiotic regimens. Initial misdiagnosis led to delayed appropriate care. Clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed a severely carious mandibular first molar (36) with associated periapical radiolucencies and soft tissue changes consistent with a chronic dental abscess. Tooth extraction was performed, and purulent material was drained from both the socket and sinus tract. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and complete resolution of symptoms was observed within three weeks. Discussion: Odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts are rare and frequently misdiagnosed as dermatologic conditions. This case highlights the limitations of antibiotic therapy in chronic dental infections and underscores the importance of early dental evaluation and imaging in persistent cutaneous lesions. Panoramic radiography proved critical for diagnosis. Surgical intervention, including tooth extraction, remains a definitive treatment when conservative measures fail. Conclusion: Dental infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained cutaneous facial lesions. Early recognition and appropriate surgical management are key to preventing complications and addressing antibiotic resistance in odontogenic infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yousef S.Z. Salem, Mahmoud A. Aloriby, Enas Shaafi, Hoda Mohamed Mostafa, Salha A. ALobidy, Ahmed S Mikael, Aya Alhassi, Rasha. J .Abraheem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Osteochondral Lesion of Talus Treated by Mosaicplasty from the Knee as Donor Site, Orthopedic Surgery Ward. Tobruk Medical Center, L
Background: Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) represent a frequent cause of chronic ankle pain and disability, particularly in young and active individuals. Conservative management often provides limited benefit in advanced cases, making surgical treatment a necessary option. Mosaicplasty, which involves the transfer of autologous osteochondral grafts, has gained recognition as an effective method for restoring articular cartilage integrity. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of mosaicplasty in patients with advanced talar dome lesions. Material and Methods: A descriptive case series was conducted at the Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department of Tobruk Medical Centre between January 2010 and December 2022. Twenty-one patients with MRI-confirmed Bristol/Hepple grade ≥3 OLT were included. The cohort consisted of 18 males and 3 females, with a mean age of 30 years (range: 20–41). Lesions were right-sided in 12 patients and left-sided in 9. Based on lesion site, 15 were anteromedial and 6 were anterolateral. Seven patients were aged 20–30, thirteen were 30–40, and one was over 41. Medial malleolar osteotomy was performed in 5 patients. Fifteen cases had a history of sports-related ankle trauma. Exclusion criteria were diabetes mellitus, neglected or chronic ankle injuries, arthritis, rheumatologic or metabolic disease, prior ankle surgery, or age above 45. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 4 years. Results: Most patients experienced significant pain relief, improved ankle motion, and functional recovery. Outcomes were slightly better in the anteromedial group compared to anterolateral lesions. Younger patients and those with acute sports injuries achieved more favorable results. No major complications, graft failure, or severe donor site morbidity occurred. Conclusion: Mosaicplasty is a safe and effective surgical technique for advanced talar dome OLT, providing consistent pain reduction, improved joint function, and successful return to activity. Larger, long-term controlled studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ebrahim Masawd Fakhri, Arhoma Yahya Mohammed, Rasha .J .Abra, Ahmed. s .mikael (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of the case report of an Angelman Syndrome child in Janzour City, Libya
Background: Angelman syndrome (AS) is a genetic neurological disorder that was first described in 1965 by Dr. Harry Angelman Angelman syndrome is a rare neurogenetic disorder that is characterized by microcephaly, severe intellectual deficit, speech impairment, epilepsy, EEG abnormalities, ataxic movements, tongue protrusion, paroxysms of laughter, abnormal sleep patterns, and hyperactivity, To assess the clinical subject in individual with AS, we retrospectively analyzed medical records of 5-yers old male seen at the pediatric physical therapy Clinic at Altahady Center for Intensive Physical Therapy for Children. Janzour City. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 5-year-old male patient from Janzour City, Libya, diagnosed with Angelman syndrome, with deletions of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15q11.2–q13 in individuals with Angelman syndrome. The first-line clinical diagnostic test for patients suspected of having Angelman syndrome is DNA methylation testing, including neurological manifestations including include microcephaly, seizure disorder, ataxia, muscular hypotonia with hyperreflexia, and motor delay. Psychomotor delay is evident by 6 months of age, and can be associated with feeding difficulties and muscular hypotonia.This review finding was, a multidisciplinary approach is imperative for managing patients with AS. Parental counseling and genetic advice are crucial for families and caregivers. Conclusion: Physicians should consider rare syndromes such as AS in children or adults with neurodevelopmental delay. Noting clinical presentation is very important; extensor and flexor spasms are not typically described as seizure types in AS because clinical suspicions play a crucial role in choosing the required laboratory tests. On the other hand, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary for genetic syndromes like AS because they influence all aspects of patients’ lives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sedik A Abokdeer, Mohammed S Ghania (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In vitro effects of Air Jamu Pak Tani, an herbal product, on aminopyrine hepatic phase I n-demethylase activity in spontaneous hypertensive rats: the mechanism involved
Objective: Pharmacokinetic interactions of co-administered herbal isolates with pharmaceuticals and the mechanisms of interactions remain to be elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro effects of Air Jamu Pak Tani (AJPT), a mixture of plant isolates, on phase I aminopyrine metabolism and the molecular mechanism involved in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) livers. Material and Methods: Hepatocytes were isolated by the collagenase perfusion technique. Aminopyrine n-demethylase activity was determined using the colorimetric method of Nash. Results: Compared to control AJPT dose independently increased significantly the aminopyrine n-demethylase activity by 29.6% (P<0.05). Molecular mechanism elucidation, using protein stimulants (or inhibitors), showed that the effect of AJPT was significantly abrogated by the pre-incubation of hepatocytes with 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine and okadaic acid. Trifluoperazine and genistein did not change the effect of AJPT, while no significant observation was verified in the presence of guanylyl-5’-imidodiphosphate and furafylline. In conclusion, administration of AJPT induced dephosphorylation of cytochrome P450 in young male SHR hepatocytes. The effect of AJPT was mediated through different molecular mechanisms, most probably, including inhibition of tyrosine kinases, calmodulin, and cAMP/PKA pathways, and also due to activation of protein phosphatases. Therefore, caution should be considered when AJPT is used with n-demethylase substrate ‘drugs’ as it may reduce their bioavailability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yousef A. Taher, Awatef M. Samud, Abas Hj Hussin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical Spectrum and Outcomes of Non-Traumatic Acute Abdominal Pain in Hospitalized Children: A Retrospective Descriptive Study
Background: Acute abdominal pain is a frequent presentation in pediatric emergency departments, encompassing a broad range of etiologies from benign to life-threatening conditions. Distinguishing between surgical and non-surgical causes remains a clinical challenge. Objective: To analyze the clinical spectrum, diagnostic categories, and hospital outcomes of children admitted with non-traumatic acute abdominal pain. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on (84) pediatric patients admitted with acute abdominal pain. Data collected on demographics, clinical features, final diagnoses, management approaches, and hospital stay duration were analyzed. Statistical tests were applied to compare clinical features between surgical and medical cases. Results: The most common diagnoses were urinary tract infection (35.7%) and acute gastroenteritis (25%). Appendicitis was diagnosed in (9.5%) of cases, all requiring surgical intervention. No significant association was found between clinical symptoms and surgical need. Hospital stay duration did not differ significantly among diagnostic groups. Conclusion: This study confirms that most pediatric admissions for non-traumatic acute abdominal pain are due to medical causes, with UTI and AGE being predominant. Appendicitis was the most common surgical condition. Symptom overlap made clinical differentiation difficult. Ultrasound and labs were essential for diagnosis. Our findings support recent literature on conservative management trends and the importance of imaging.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fathia Hameda Ben Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Correlation Between Chest CT Severity and Clinical Data Of Patients with COVID-19
Purpose: The study aims to examine the correlation between clinical laboratory data, including RT-PCR results, and the severity of chest CT findings in COVID-19 patients. Early detection of severe cases can help reduce ICU admissions and improve patient outcomes. Data were collected from the laboratory at Tobruk Medical Center (TMC) and non-contrast high-resolution chest CT scans by a professional team. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 94 COVID-19 patients treated at The Medical Center of Tobruk in 2021. The study population included 58 males and 35 females, covering both young and elderly patients with and without chronic illnesses. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and outcome data—including ICU admissions and mortality—were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010. RT-PCR test results were obtained from the accredited Department of Laboratory Medicine at Tobruk Medical Center, which is responsible for PCR testing in the Tobruk region. The case definition followed the World Health Organization (WHO) interim guidance. Results: The results showed that 58% of the patients were male, while 35% were female. Patients were divided into two age groups: those below 40 years and those above 40 years. Among them, 4% of females and 7% of males were under 40, while 9% of females and 54% of males were above 40. The study also analyzed the presence of chronic illnesses: 27 patients had hypertension (BP), 5 had both hypertension and diabetes (DM), 1 had cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 18 had diabetes only, and 40 had no chronic diseases. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant correlation between chest CT severity and clinical data, particularly in older patients and those with chronic illnesses. Males exhibited a higher severity rate. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating laboratory and imaging data for early detection, which can aid in reducing ICU admissions and improving patient management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nagwa. R. Bochwal , Huda M. Ibrahim , Wfa A. Nweh , Muhammad .Y.Alsawy, Ghanem .M. Jamal , Abdullh .A.Ali , Hamza. F. Atia , Fared .R. Fared (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge on Tracheostomy Among Nurses Working in Anaesthesia Departments and Intensive Care Units at Misurata in Medical Center and National Cancer Institute, Misurata, Libya (an important health education indicator for healthcare management, public heal
Background:Airway obstruction is a medical emergency that requires artificial support for the airway, such as using endotracheal tubes or creating a tracheostomy. To maintain airway patency, a specialized nurse is required to provide care for this type of patient. The aim of this study was to assess the nurses’ level of knowledge of tracheostomy among nurses working at Misurata Medical Center and the National Cancer Institute, Misurata, Libya. Materials and Methods: An observational quantitative hospital-based survey using self-administered structured questionnaire was conducted among convenience sample of 75 nurses working in the medicine, surgical, and pediatric intensive care units at Misurata Medical Center and National Cancer Institute in Misurata, Libya. Results: Majority of nurses (93.3%) had a good level of knowledge, and 6.7%) nurses had a low level of knowledge. There was no significant association, there were no significant association between nurses’ knowledge and age, gender, education level, as well as work experience (P-value >0.05). Conclusion: The level of knowledge was high. Therefore, we hope and strongly support the continuing professional development during service for registered nurses working in the medicine, surgical, and pediatric intensive care units by conducting more courses and workshops to raise the knowledge and practice level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Ibrahim Jahan, Muftah Elbahloul, Khadija Ali Amer, Sana Alghennai, Osama H. Almajdoub, Abdul Rahman Amer Ashhoub, Othman Mohammed Elsadeg, Mohamed Ibrahim Embais, Abdalmalik MiladAlzaboub, Abduallah Ahmad Fadil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Emergence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis Cases in Southwest Libya: Evaluation and Management
Background: Schistosomiasis is an infection caused by a parasitic worm that lives in fresh water throughout Africa. In many tropical and subtropical regions, including Libya, urogenital schistosomiasis is regarded as one of the neglected tropical illnesses. In Libya, the first known instance of schistosomiasis was in 1925. Since 2003, the prevalence of focally endemic Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in Libya has been estimated at 5%. Aim: The primary goal of this study is to explore the emergence of bilharzial cystitis cases in southwest Libya and to evaluate current diagnostic and management approaches. Material and methods: 28 patients with belharzial cystitis were diagnosed at the Al Rahma Poly Clinic in Sabha City, Libya between February 2020 and August 2024, and were analyzed. Patient demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes were reviewed. Results: the ages of the 28 patients in this study ranged from 9 to 65 years old (mean: 18.96 ± 10.64 years). The majority were Libyan (82.14%), while 17.86% were non-Libyan (from Niger and Chad). Following treatment with a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg), only one patient (3.5%) exhibited persistent hematuria, and two (7.1%) had dysuria at one-month follow-up. Additionally, 3.5% had persistent bilharzial eggs in urine, 39.2% had persistent RBCs, and 21.4% had pus cells. Urogenital schistosomiasis remains hypoendemic in several Libyan regions. Conclusion: our data showed that both surveillance and management programs are necessary to detect and handle these occurrences. This can easily be achieved by focusing on snail control, praziquantel chemotherapy, public health education, and access to clean water. Schistosomiasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for hematuria in endemic regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed. A .Altoumi, Khadija .M .Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Factors Influencing the Use of Herbal Medicines During Pregnancy in Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background:: Herbal medicines (HM) are commonly used during pregnancy worldwide, but safety concerns exist due to limited regulation and evidence. This study assesses the prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of HM use among pregnant women in Libya. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and June 2025, sampling 500 women across various regions in Libya. Participants completed a questionnaire evaluating their demographic characteristics, HM usage, and perceptions of safety and efficacy during pregnancy. Results: The results revealed that 50.8% of participants had used HM during pregnancy, with the third trimester being the most common period for use (44.6%). Cultural beliefs, perceived safety, and accessibility were key factors influencing the use of HM, with 77.8% relying on family or friends for advice. Alarmingly, 68.4% of women did not consult healthcare providers about their use of HM. Despite a general awareness of the side effects (88.6%), there was considerable uncertainty about the relative safety of HM compared to conventional medicine, with 26.2% of respondents unsure. The study showed that education level significantly influenced practices, with higher levels of education associated with less frequent use of HM during pregnancy (p <0.05). The number of children, previous pregnancies, and history of abortion have a significant effect on the increased use of HM (p <0.05). Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of improving patient education and provider engagement in the use of HM during pregnancy to reduce risks and promote safety. It also calls for regulatory frameworks to monitor HM use and prevent adverse outcomes, especially in vulnerable groups like pregnant women.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hajer M. Arjaibi , Hussam Alwafi , Najat Benyusef , Olfat N. Alqatish, Aisha M. Albhlool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Noninvasive Ventilation in Managing Respiratory Failure: A Literature Review
Background: Respiratory failure is a serious condition characterized by the inability of the respiratory system to maintain adequate gas exchange, resulting in hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has emerged as an essential tool in the management of acute and chronic respiratory failure. It offers significant advantages, such as reduced need for endotracheal intubation, fewer ventilation-related complications, improved patient comfort, and reduced hospital stay. NIV is now widely used in intensive care units, emergency departments, and at home. Objectives: This comprehensive review aims to explore the principles, mechanisms, and types of non-invasive ventilation and focuses on providing a detailed comparison with invasive mechanical ventilation. In addition, it addresses the clinical efficacy, benefits, and outcomes of NIV, its indications and contraindications, current recommendations, technical considerations, and recent advances, including emerging technologies and innovations. This review also addresses the challenges and limitations encountered during the implementation of NIV and offers recommendations for clinical practice and future research. Conclusion: NIV is essential for the treatment of respiratory failure, particularly in conditions such as COPD exacerbations, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and certain cases of hypoxemia. It also improves quality of life and survival in chronic diseases such as neuromuscular disorders and obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Achieving optimal outcomes depends on appropriate patient selection, interface selection, ventilator settings, and competent monitoring. Future directions include personalized NIV strategies, AI-based systems, expanded access to low-resource settings, and more clinical trials to refine its role in conditions such as pneumonia and ARDS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rihab Abdlsalam Alweshahi, Mohamed A. Ali Elwafi, Abofila MTM, Abofila MTM, Azab Elsayed Azab, Khaled Abdulmola, Mouni AAA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Synthesis of 3-hydroxy-4-{[(2E)-2-(hydroxyimino)ethylidene]amino}-naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid for Complex formation of Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions
Purpose: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize new Schiff-base complexes derived from 3-hydroxy-4-{[(2E)-2-(hydroxyimino)ethylidene]amino}-naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and to evaluate their structural properties and antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods: The complexes of Cr³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cu²⁺ were synthesized and characterized using IR spectroscopy, molar conductivity, UV-Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S). The coordination behavior of the ligand was investigated based on spectral and magnetic data. Results: Elemental analysis confirmed a 1:1 metal-to-ligand stoichiometry in all complexes. Molar conductivity values indicated that the complexes are non-electrolytic. Magnetic moment data revealed that the Ni²⁺ complex is diamagnetic, while Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Cu²⁺ complexes are paramagnetic. IR spectral data suggested coordination through the hydroxyl and imino groups. Electronic spectra showed n→π* and π→π* transitions, supporting octahedral geometry for all complexes. Conclusion:The structural analysis confirmed the formation of stable, octahedral Schiff-base metal complexes. These compounds, including the free ligand, demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Proteus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
4-(2-hydroxbenzylideneamino)-3-hydroxnaphtalene-1-sulfonic acid
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah A. Mukhtar, Arabya A.A. Almutaleb, Abdusalam M. Hamil , M. Khalifa, Y. A. Alkhayali, Shamsi. A. Saad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Pregnant Women’s Satisfaction with Antenatal Care at Public Maternal Health Care Clinics.
Background: Maternal care is a vital component of primary health care (PHC), aiming to provide comprehensive services to all women during the maternity period. Regular evaluation of these services is essential to maintain and enhance their quality. Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of satisfaction among pregnant women regarding antenatal care services provided by public primary health care institutions in Benghazi, Libya. Materials and Methods: In this prospective revaluation study, a total of 40 cases (30-80) were patients who purchased Sodium Valproate. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 300 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in three randomly selected primary health care facilities. Data were collected through interviews using a validated tool – the Quality of Prenatal Care Questionnaire (QPCQ). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Results: The overall satisfaction level was moderate, with a general mean score of 2.658. Participants expressed high satisfaction with the information received, consultation time, and provider respect and support. However, the lowest satisfaction level was reported in the domain of approachability. No statistically significant association was found between satisfaction and socio-demographic factors, except for education level, which was significantly associated with anticipatory guidance. Satisfaction was notably higher among women attending the Elkish polyclinic. Conclusion: Pregnant women reported moderate satisfaction with antenatal care services, highlighting the need for improvements in provider accessibility and patient communication, particularly in certain clinics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amina Muftah Elsaid , Amina Abdulla Alshekteria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0