The Libyan Journal of Medical Research is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that provides a fast-track, high-quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communications, and case reports in all areas of Medical and applied Sciences. Submissions are accepted in the English language. LJMR operates under an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription fee. Please note that there is an article processing and publishing charge of 100 US Dollars for international and 350 DL for local each accepted manuscript in order for the journal to continue its high performance. All papers are subjected to a peer-review process. Moreover, with the presence of international referees, the process of decision-making on the acceptance/rejection of all submitted manuscripts will be done rapidly and to the highest standards. Articles in Libyan Journal of Medical Research are open Access Under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY). This license permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, is not changed in any way, and is not used for commercial The Libyan Journal of Medical Research has obtained the Arab Impact Factor 2024. and 2025 The journal is owned by the Libyan Medical Research Center, and the management of the journal is made by the editorial team
Open Access Policy Libyan journal of medical Research (LJMR).is an open journal, therefore there are no fees required for downloading any publication from the journal website by authors, readers, and institution. The journal applies the license of CC BY (a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license). This license allows authors to keep ownership f the copyright of their papers. But this license permits any user to download , print out, extract, reuse, archive, and distribute the article, so long as appropriate credit is given to the authors and the source of the work. The license ensures that the article will be available as widely as possible and that the article can be included in any scientific archive. Editorial Policy The publication of an article in a peer reviewed journal is an essential model for Libyan journal of medical Research (LJMR). It is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editorial, the peer reviewer and the publisher. Any manuscript or substantial parts of it, submitted to the journal must not be under consideration by any other journal. In general, the manuscript should not have already been published in any journal or other citable form, although it may have been deposited on a preprint server. Authors are required to ensure that no material submitted as part of a manuscript infringes existing copyrights, or the rights of a third party. Authorship Policy The manuscript authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution and intellectual input to the research submitted to the journal, including design, performance, interpretation of the reported study, and writing the manuscript. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the manuscript but without intellectual input should only be recognized in the acknowledgements section of the manuscript. Also, one of the authors should be selected as the corresponding author to communicate with the journal and approve the final version of the manuscript for publication in the LJMR. Peer-review Policy - All the manuscripts submitted to LJMR will be subjected to the double-blinded peer-review process; - The manuscript will be reviewed by two suitable experts in the respective subject area. - Reports of all the reviewers will be considered while deciding on acceptance/revision or rejection of a manuscript. - Editor-In-Chief will make the final decision, based on the reviewer’s comments. - Editor-In-Chief can ask one or more advisory board members for their suggestions upon a manuscript, before making the final decision. - Associate editor and review editors provide administrative support to maintain the integrity of the peer-review process. - In case, authors challenge the editor’s negative decision with suitable arguments, the manuscript can be sent to one more reviewer and the final decision will be made based upon his recommendations.
Effect of Chemotherapy on the Hematological Parameters and Prevalence of Anemia in Breast Cancer Patients
Background: Breast cancer incidence is rising in Libya, and chemotherapy significantly affects physiological function. Objectives: This study evaluated hematological changes and anemia prevalence in 150 breast cancer patients at the National Oncology Institute, Sabratha, and compared them with 100 healthy controls. Methods: Data were extracted from patient records and analyzed using SPSS to compare hematological variables before and after chemotherapy. Results: Significant decreases (P<0.01) were observed in RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCHC compared with controls, with further declines after chemotherapy. Anemia prevalence rose from 62.67% to 76.67%, with moderate anemia becoming predominant (59.13%) and severe anemia emerging (1.74%). White blood cell and platelet counts significantly decreased after treatment (P<0.01). Conclusion: Chemotherapy induces significant hematological toxicity. Regular blood monitoring and early anemia management through dose modifications or nutritional support are essential. Long-term follow-up is recommended to assess the impact of these alterations on patient prognosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azab Elsayed Azab, Rabie Alwan Yahya, Ruqaya Al-Shaibani Al-Arousi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Critical View of Safety on Bile Duct Injuries During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Retrospective Study
Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy helps treat gallbladder stones with injuries in the bile duct (BDI). A critical view of safety (CVS) is introduced to reduce the risk of misidentification of BDI. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the routine use of CVS on bile duct injuries during laparoscopic surgery in the surgical unit of Almgreaf Ajdabiya Teaching Central Hospital in Libya. Method: The study included 138 randomly selected patients aged 70-79 years, diagnosed with gallbladder stones and admitted to one surgical unit. These patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy from January 2018 to December 2018. Result: The findings revealed that a critical view of Safety (CVS) was achieved in 135 cases, while no injuries in the bile duct were reported within the cases. The majority of patients were aged 30–39 years (n = 48, 34.8%), and most of them were female (45/48). The lowest frequency was observed in the 70–79-year age group (n = 3, 2.2%). Overall, females constituted 120 cases (87.0%), while males accounted for 18 cases (13.0%). Compared to males, females had a higher incidence of biliary colic, chronic calculus cholecystitis, empyema of the gallbladder, and gallbladder polyps. Furthermore, females presented with a greater number of preoperative diagnoses than male patients. Conclusion: The study concluded that routine use of a critical view of safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safer and reproducible technique for identifying the biliary anatomy and its association with minor bile duct injuries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdugadir Abdulrahman, Omar Eldurssi, Jamal Alsharif, Melad Asfor , Hayfa Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
High prevalence of Obesity and Suboptimal Glycemic Control Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Private Clinics of Tripoli, Libya: a cross-Sectional Study
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant public health challenge globally, with effective management being crucial to prevent long-term complications. Understanding the clinical profile and factors associated with glycemic control in specific regional settings is essential for optimizing care. Aim: The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of T2DM patients attending private outpatient clinics in Tripoli, Libya, and to determine the association between their prescribed treatment regimen and the achievement of glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%). Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the medical records of 120 adult T2DM patients from a private outpatient clinic in Tripoli, Libya, between May and September 2025. Demographic data, Body Mass Index (BMI), diabetes duration, HbA1c level, and treatment regimen (Lifestyle only, Oral agents only, Insulin only, Combination therapy) were collected. The association between treatment regimen and glycemic control was assessed using the Chi-square test. Results: The cohort showed a high prevalence of excess body weight, with 83.3% of patients classified as overweight or obese. Overall, 63.3% of patients had uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7%). A statistically significant association was found between the type of treatment regimen and glycemic control (p = 0.024). Patients on lifestyle-only treatment had the highest rate of control (57.1%), while those on insulin-only (22.2%) and Combination therapy (20%) had the lowest rates of control. Conclusion: This study highlights a high burden of obesity and suboptimal glycemic control among T2DM patients in this private clinical setting in Libya. The findings suggest that patients requiring more intensive therapies face greater challenges in achieving glycemic targets, underscoring the need for integrated weight management and enhanced support for adherence to complex treatment regimens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najia A. Mahdawi, Narjes ALmsagrei, Ebtesam Ali Beshna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Histopathological Analysis of Asymptomatic Huge Radicular Cyst: Contributory Factors and Unique Feature for an Adult Libyan Patient
Background: Radicular cysts are the most prevalent odontogenic cystic lesions of the jaws, typically arising from epithelial remnants in periapical granulomas following pulpal necrosis. While usually asymptomatic and small, they can occasionally attain considerable dimensions, presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This report details the management of a massive, asymptomatic radicular cyst in a young adult, emphasizing the critical role of advanced imaging and a multidisciplinary approach. Case Presentation: A 22-year-old Libyan male presented with a 6-month history of a painless, progressively enlarging swelling in the left anterior maxilla. Clinical examination revealed a significant palatal swelling extending from teeth #22 to #25. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging delineated a well-defined, corticated unilocular radiolucency measuring approximately 3.5 x 2.8 cm, causing substantial palatal bone erosion. The involved teeth (#22, #23, #24) were non-vital. The treatment plan comprised preoperative endodontic therapy on the involved teeth, followed by CBCT-guided surgical enucleation via a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of a radicular cyst, showing a lining of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with a dense, chronically inflamed fibrous capsule. Conclusion: This case underscores that radicular cysts, though common, can present with extensive bony destruction without classic symptoms. It highlights the indispensable utility of CBCT for accurately assessing lesion extent and anatomical relationships preoperatively. A combined endodontic-surgical strategy ensured complete removal of the pathologic tissue while preserving the involved teeth and surrounding structures, resulting in successful rehabilitation and patient satisfaction. Long-term follow-up is essential to monitor healing and ensure the absence of recurrence.
Copyright (c) 2018 Yousef S.Z.Salem, Mahmoud A. Aloriby, Milad Mohammed Elojaly , Janat.S.Alkadeke, Moutaz F. Gebril (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Additive Effects of Streptozotocin and Aluminum Chloride on Cognitive Decline and Brain Damage in Rats: A Behavioral and Histopathological
Background: Streptozotocin (STZ) and Aluminum Chloride (AlCl₃) are recognized neurotoxins implicated in models of cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This study investigated the comparative effects of STZ, AlCl₃, and their combination on cognitive performance and brain structural integrity. Methods: Cognitive function was assessed using the T-maze test, and structural damage was evaluated through histopathological examination of brain tissue across four groups: Control, STZ-treated, AlCl₃-treated, and Combination-treated. Results: All three treatment groups showed significant cognitive impairment and histopathological changes compared to the Control group. In the T-maze test, the Combination group exhibited the maximum degree of cognitive impairment, showing a significantly greater deficit than either the STZ or AlCl₃ groups alone. In contrast, histopathological assessment revealed that the magnitude of cellular and structural impairment was comparable across the STZ, AlCl₃, and Combination groups, though all were significantly different from the Control. Conclusion: Co-exposure to STZ and AlCl₃ leads to a marked synergistic or additive effect on behavioral neurotoxicity, resulting in maximal cognitive deficits. However, the histopathological evidence suggests that the individual agents (STZ or AlCl₃) may already induce a comparable level of maximal structural damage, indicating a dissociation between the severity of morphological and functional impairment under these experimental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huda M Gargoum, Muftah M Muftah, Amira M Abelhamid, Kadija R Sharee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Investigating Public Awareness About the Effect of Over-the-Counter Drugs on the Heart in Benghazi City, Libya
Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are widely used for self-treatment without medical supervision. While considered generally safe, some OTCs— such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), decongestants, and certain pain relievers — have been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and increased risk of heart attacks. Despite this, public awareness about these risks remains limited, especially in developing countries like Libya, where regulation and health education are often insufficient. Benghazi, as a major city, presents an important context for assessing such awareness. Aim: To assess the awareness of the public of Benghazi about the effect of OTCs on heart health. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study is composed of two main sections: Section A – Pharmacist Survey: A short Google Forms questionnaire consisting of four questions was distributed among pharmacists to identify the most commonly dispensed OTCs and understand local usage trends. The same data collection period and analysis methods were applied as in Section B.– Public Survey: A structured online questionnaire was shared via social media platforms to assess public knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes concerning the use of OTCs and their cardiovascular impact in Benghazi. Sample Size: 385 participants (determined using Cochran’s formula). Exclusion Criteria: Medical doctors, medical students, and individuals with cardiac conditions. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics and reliability testing using SPSS.Results: 328 participants completed the survey and were included in the present analysis. 53.9% of the participants were female, with the majority (34.2%) aged between 21 and 30 years old. Additionally, 85.6% attended university, 20.7% reported having chronic diseases. Conclusion: The findings of this study are consistent with both local and international research, highlighting the critical need to bridge the gap between awareness and behaviour. Comprehensive educational initiatives and regulatory improvements are essential to reduce cardiovascular and systemic risks associated with inappropriate OTC medication use
. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed K. A. Elkawafi, Mahmoud A M Elmansourya, Zainab. O. Benamer, Sajeda. A .Al-Majbri, Rana Abdalmajeed, Nuha. A. El-Naas, Nouri Mumash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Characteristics of Oral Tumors among Libyan Patients
Background: Oral tumors comprise a wide spectrum of lesions with variable biological behavior and represent a significant health concern worldwide. In Libya, epidemiological and clinicopathological data on oral tumors remain scarce and fragmented. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using medical and histopathological records of 152 patients diagnosed with oral tumors between April 2024 and December 2025. Data on age, sex, anatomical site, histopathological diagnosis, tumor nature (benign or malignant), and treatment modalities were collected and analyzed descriptively. Results: The mean age of patients was 46.3 ± 15.8 years, with a male predominance (61.8%) and a male-to-female ratio of 1.6:1. The most affected age group was 41–60 years. The tongue was the most common anatomical site (34.2%), followed by the gingiva and buccal mucosa. Malignant tumors accounted for 64.5% of cases, with oral squamous cell carcinoma being the predominant histopathological type. Benign tumors constituted 35.5% of cases and were mainly odontogenic, particularly ameloblastoma and odontoma. Surgical treatment was the primary management approach, with adjuvant therapy applied in selected malignant cases. Conclusion: Malignant oral tumors, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma, were predominant among middle-aged male patients, with the tongue as the most frequently involved site. These findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis, histopathological confirmation, and timely surgical intervention, and emphasize the need for improved awareness and preventive strategies to reduce the burden of oral tumors in Libya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salwa Alwafi Abukhedir, Sarah Yousuf Alhameedi, Tebra Ramadan Abdulsalam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Dental Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization, which may influence dental health. Despite extensive research, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and dental caries remains inconsistently reported. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential association between vitamin D deficiency and the prevalence of dental caries in adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 78 adults. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, medical history, vitamin D status, and oral health. Dental caries experience was measured using the DMFS and DMFT indices. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation analyses using SPSS. Results: The sample consisted predominantly of females (95%) and individuals under 30 years (86%). A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (96%) and dental caries (95%) was observed. While a significant association was found between vitamin D deficiency and self-reported oral problems (p=0.034), no significant association was found between vitamin D deficiency and the presence of dental caries (p=0.681), gum disease (p=0.925), or history of tooth extractions (p=0.111). Vitamin D levels did not significantly differ across age or gender groups. Conclusion: Despite the high co-prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and dental caries in this cohort, no direct statistical association was established. The findings suggest that while vitamin D deficiency may be linked to general oral health complaints, its specific role in caries etiology warrants further investigation through longitudinal or interventional study designs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdalah Albosefi , Aseel M .Othman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Ivy Leaf Extracts for Antibacterial Activity against Pathogenic Bacteria: No Evidence of Efficacy
Background: The global spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has created an urgent need for new antimicrobial treatments. This is especially critical in Libya, where infections from multidrug-resistant pathogens are common. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial potential of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from ivy leaves (Hedera helix) against these key pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: We prepared extracts using dried ivy leaves and tested them against clinical bacterial isolates using standard disc diffusion and broth macro-dilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Our results showed a complete absence of antibacterial activity. No zones of inhibition were observed in the disc diffusion assay, and the MIC for all extracts against all bacterial strains was determined to be greater than 100%, the highest concentration tested. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the therapeutic value of H. helix leaf extracts, while well- established for respiratory symptoms, does not include a direct antibacterial effect against the pathogens tested. The search for novel antimicrobials from botanical sources should focus on other plants and more advanced extraction techniques.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulgader Dhawi, Mahmoud Bashir Agena, Abdulali Taweel, Bushra E Aboukhadeer, Omaima B. Hassan , Dias A. Aljaffal , Wasan A. Shaqman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical, Surgical Characteristics, Pharmacotherapy Patterns, and Outcomes among Inpatients at Zawia Hospital
Background: Providing efficient healthcare and guaranteeing patient safety in tertiary care settings requires an understanding of inpatient clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and drug trends. The purpose of this study was to analyse the clinical, surgical, pharmacological, and demographic features of inpatients at Zawia Hospital in Libya between August and November 2025 and to determine how these features affected patient outcomes. Methods and Methods: 150 adult inpatient records from Zawia Hospital were used in a retrospective observational study. Demographics, comorbidities, surgical type, number of medications, antibiotic use, length of stay, polypharmacy (defined as concurrent use of ≥5 drugs), and ultimate outcomes were all included in the data. Python (SciPy) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the cohort, 40% were between the ages of 40 and 59, and 54.7% were men. Patients were split equally between the surgical and medical departments. 63.3% of patients had comorbidities. With a 13.3% complication rate, 40% of surgical patients (n = 75) had emergency procedures. Of all patients, 63.3% received antibiotics, and 40% had polypharmacy. While the mortality rate was 5.3%, the majority of patients (88%) were released. 46.7% of the patients spent less than five days in the hospital. Conclusion, Zawia Hospital has a substantial clinical burden due to high rates of comorbidities, antibiotic use, and polypharmacy. In order to maximise the quality and safety of inpatient care, better preoperative risk assessment, improved medication reconciliation, and greater antimicrobial stewardship are necessary, even if the majority of patients were successfully discharged.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebtesam Ali Beshna, Akram Ali Beshna, Saher Abdnasser Beshna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Management of Scrotal Hematoma and Microsurgical Vasovasostomy Following Right Herniotomy: A First Case.
This article details the case of a 2-year-old male who developed a scrotal hematoma after a standard right herniotomy. Preliminary conservative measures proved inadequate, necessitating surgical evacuation. A vas deferens injury was identified during the procedure, requiring microsurgical vasovasostomy to repair the disruption and preserve fertility. Postoperative hemorrhage, an uncommon but reported complication in pediatric herniotomies, occurs in roughly 1.5%–5% of cases, as indicated in the literature. This case underscores the challenges of managing uncommon complications in pediatric hernia procedures and highlights the importance of microsurgical proficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jalal Muftah Ahmid, Tamer Missellati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Social Media in Supporting Learning and Clinical Exposure: Perceptions of Dental Students
Social media (SM) has become a widely used tool among dental students for communication and educational purposes. Its growing use raises questions about its impact on learning behaviors and academic performance. Aim: explore the extent of social media use among dental students and to examine their perceptions of its role in supporting learning processes and facilitating clinical exposure of fourth-year and intern dental students at Zawia University, Libya.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire distributed to 105 dental students. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage distributions. Results: All participants reported daily SM use. Facebook and YouTube were the most accessed platforms. Most students agreed that SM enhanced access to learning materials (97.1%) and supported independent learning (85.3%). The Internet was the preferred source for dental information (57.1%), mainly due to ease of access and updated content. However, a considerable proportion used SM during lectures and clinical sessions, and 37.1% had difficulty limiting SM use during examinations. Additionally, 57 students reported that SM negatively affected their academic performance. Conclusion: Social media serves as a beneficial supplementary tool for dental education, but excessive use may negatively influence academic performance. Structured guidelines promoting responsible SM use are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enas Ragab, Ebtisam Aboalgaith, Alkhansa Almokhtar Ghabas, Ghada Abougrara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of Immunotherapy Practices in a certain region in Libya
Background: In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches in cancer treatment. This therapeutic strategy enhances the body’s natural immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, immunotherapy aims to target cancer tumors while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Aim of the Study: The study aimed to identify and evaluate key strategies that enhance the immune system’s ability to combat cancer. These strategies include the use of immune-stimulatory factors and modifications to chemotherapy protocols that support immune function. Materials and Methods: This study included 30 cancer patients recruited from several hospitals in Libya. Fifteen cases were obtained from Tripoli Teaching Medical Hospital, nine from Sabratha Oncology Hospital, five from Al-Yasmeen Center for Radiotherapy, and one case from Misurata Oncology Hospital. Data collected included age, gender, presence of chronic diseases, cancer type, and disease stage. The study was conducted over a three-month period from October to December 2023.Results: The results showed that 46.7% of the participating patients received immunotherapy, highlighting the critical role of. The immune system is a primary defense mechanism against cancer. The immune system targets cancer cells through specialized immune cells such as T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, as well as through the secretion of immune-mediated compounds that attack tumors. Conclusion: The immune system represents a fundamental barrier against cancer development and progression. Understanding immune mechanisms and the factors influencing immune responses is essential for developing more effective cancer treatment strategies, particularly in Libya.
Sabratha Oncology Hospital, Al-Yasmeen Center for Radiotherapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Emhamed Boras, Abtisam Dhaw, Omro Aburas, Abdulhakim Naffati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension as Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Young Adults Attending Benghazi Nephrology Center: A Cross-Sectional Study (2019–2022)
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is kidney damage or a low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for more than 3 months. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease are the main underlying causes of CKD.Aim: To assess diabetes mellitus and hypertension as risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), in the AL-Hawari Nephrology Center, in Benghazi, Libya, in young adults aged between 18 and 40 years, through the period from 2019 to 2022.Materials and methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional design. The data were collected from the medical records of admitted patients and the outpatient clinic at Al Hawari Nephrology Center in Benghazi, Libya. Results: The total number of patients during the study period was 408. The mean age± SD was 30 ± 7 years, with male to female ratio of 1.3:1; the prevalence of CRF in the aged 18 to 40 years was 81.6 patients per 100,000 population. In our study, regarding the risk factors the hypertension was identified 195 patients (47.8%), diabetes mellitus was 77 patients (18.9%), single kidney patients in 53 patients (13%), polycystic kidney disease in 40 patients (10%), glomerulonephritis in 26 patients (6.4%), and autoimmune diseases among 19 patients (4.7%). The combined of both risk factors, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, is together (13.9%). Regarding CKD outcome, stage 4 and 5 CKD among 48 patients (11.8 %), hemodialysis patients in 41 patients (10%), and 123 patients (30%) were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the main causes of CKD. Near quarter of patients progressed to the advanced stage of CKD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intesar.M. Herwees, Ghazala Othman Elfeitouri, Salah El-din Amer, Al-Saliheen Mohamed Majeed, Saad Mustafa Mostafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Non-Operative Management of High-Grade Blunt Renal Trauma in Misurata Medical Center, Libya
Background: In trauma cases, genitourinary tract injuries occur in approximately 10% of cases, with renal trauma being the most common. Management of blunt renal trauma has evolved from operative to non-operative approaches over the last 30 years. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of non-operative management (NOM) for high-grade blunt renal trauma at Misurata Medical Center, Libya, from January 2016 to January 2018. Sixty-seven male patients (ages 25-67) were included. Results: The primary mechanisms of injury were road traffic accidents (52%), falls (28%), and fighting (20%), with most non-MVA injuries occurring during the 2016 war. The right kidney was more frequently affected (61%). The majority of injuries were Grade III and IV lacerations. Eighty-seven percent of patients presented with associated abdominal organ injuries. Two patients with Grade V injuries, who were hemodynamically unstable with active bleeding and associated liver trauma, underwent immediate nephrectomy. Crucially, the study found that renal injury grade was not a statistically significant predictor for operative management in hemodynamically stable patients. Short-term complications included urinary tract infections, hematuria, and abscesses. Mortality was not significant for stable patients. Conclusion: This study supports the increasing trend towards conservative management, demonstrating that NOM is largely successful for high-grade blunt renal trauma in hemodynamically stable patients, with a low failure rate and excellent renal salvage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salem M. Swieb , Moneer M. Badish , Mohamed Elzwawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Radioprotective Role of Folic Acid on Testicular Structure and Serum Testosterone in Male Rabbits Exposed to X-Ray Irradiation.
Background: Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly X-rays, induces harmful effects on radiosensitive tissues such as the male reproductive system through the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cellular degeneration. These alterations negatively affect spermatogenic cells and Leydig cell function, leading to impaired spermatogenesis and decreased testosterone production. Folic acid, an essential B vitamin involved in DNA synthesis, repair, and antioxidant defense, has been proposed as a potential radioprotective agent. This study aimed to evaluate the radioprotective effects of folic acid on testicular tissue and serum testosterone levels in male rabbits exposed to X-ray irradiation. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult male rabbits were randomly assigned to four equal groups (n = 5): control, folic acid–treated (0.07 mg/kg body weight orally for one month), X-ray–exposed (80 kV, distance 98 cm, once daily for one week), and a folic acid plus X-ray group in which animals received folic acid for one month prior to irradiation. Clinical signs and body weight were monitored throughout the experiment. Serum testosterone levels were measured using ELISA, and testicular tissues were collected for histopathological examination following hematoxylin and eosin staining. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: X-ray exposure caused a significant reduction in serum testosterone levels and induced marked histopathological alterations, including edema, necrosis of spermatogenic cells, reduced germinal layers, and oligospermia. In contrast, folic acid administration, either alone or prior to irradiation, maintained testosterone levels near normal values and markedly reduced testicular damage. Pretreated rabbits exhibited preservation of seminiferous tubule architecture and improved cellular integrity. Conclusion: These findings indicate that folic acid exerts a significant protective effect against X-ray–induced testicular injury and may serve as a supportive strategy to mitigate radiation-induced reproductive toxicity when used within approved therapeutic doses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munira, M. Abdulsayid , Mona M.Almansory, Eman Z Younis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Unusual MRI characteristics of Posterior Cranial Fossa Dermoid Cyst Associated with Klippel-Feil syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.
Intracranial dermoid cysts are rare inclusion cysts characterized as well-defined cystic lesions with typically distinct Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features. However, in rare cases, their imaging features can be atypical because of their variable components. This case report highlights unusual radiological findings of a posterior cranial fossa dermoid cyst that deviates from typical presentation patterns and reveals a rare association between these lesions and Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS). We detail the case of a 50-year-old female patient who presented with progressive weakness, persistent headaches, and deteriorating vision. MRI of the brain displayed a 6X4.5 cm well-defined cystic lesion in the posterior fossa, showing hyperintensity on T1-weighted images (T1WI) and profound hypointensity on T2-weighted images (T2WI), along with cervical vertebrae fusion indicative of KFS. These atypical imaging findings of posterior cranial fossa dermoid cyst challenge conventional diagnostic patterns and underline the necessity for further exploration of these lesions to avoid misdiagnosis. Also presence of posterior cranial fossa dermoid cysts should be considered in a patient diagnosed with KFS.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Shaka, Mohamed Sherfad, Bashir Ayad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Avian Haemosporidium Effects on some blood parameters of free range chickens.
Background: Avian hemoparasites pose a major risk to poultry farming in North African nations; however, there is limited information on their prevalence and effects in Libya.. Objective: This research aimed to assess the occurrence of blood parasites in domestic chickens across Libya and to analyze their influence on complete blood count (CBC) and bilirubin levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 domestic chickens were studied, collected from different regions of Libya. Blood samples were taken and analyzed using the Giemsa staining method for parasite detection. Hematological parameters, including red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume (PCV), along with total bilirubin levels, were recorded. The chickens were divided into infected (n=27) and non-infected (n=23) groups. Results: Microscopic analysis identified three types of hemoparasites: Leucocytozoon spp. (11.1%), Haemoproteus spp. (18.5%), and Plasmodium spp. (14.8%). Infected chickens exhibited a marked decrease in RBC count (2.1±0.4 vs 2.9±0.5 ×10⁶/μL, p<0.01), hemoglobin levels (9.2±1.8 vs 11.8±2.1 g/dL, p<0.01), and PCV (24.3±4.2 vs 31.5±5.1%, p<0.01) when compared to non-infected ones. Moreover, total bilirubin levels rose significantly in infected chickens (0.68±0.15 vs 0.32±0.08 mg/dL, p<0.001), and the WBC count was higher in the infected group (23.4±3.2 vs 16.8±2.5 ×10³/μL, p<0.01). Conclusion: Blood parasites are widespread among domestic chickens in Libya, leading to significant changes in hematological parameters such as anemia and elevated bilirubin levels. These findings suggest a potential negative impact on poultry health and productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nagia A. S. Abdalsalam, Hana. A. Ali, Ahmad, Boulabyidh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Hematological and biochemical abnormalities among women with breast cancer
Background: Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation of breast tissue, leading to tumor formation. It is the most common cancer diagnosis among women worldwide. Assessment of hematological and biochemical parameters can predict the severity, mortality, and follow-up treatment in women with breast cancer. The aim: The study aimed to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters as useful markers among patients with breast cancer compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 124 women diagnosed with breast cancer attended The Department of National Cancer Institute Sabratha (NCI), from November 2024 to March 2025, and 50 healthy controls from The Libyan Medical Centre at Zawia city were also involved in this study. Demographic and clinical data, including complete blood count, liver function, and kidney function, were obtained from these patients. Results: A significant decrease (P< 0.001) was observed in patients in terms of RBC HGB, HCT, MCV, and MCHC. On the other hand, platelet count (PLT) and lymphocytes were significantly higher in the patient groups than in controls (P<0.001 and P<0.5), respectively. Glucose and sodium levels were significantly lower in breast cancer patients (P 0.013 and P>0.001, respectively. Conclusion: Routine blood testing represents one of the most accessible and essential diagnostic tools. Hematological and biochemical parameters may serve as valuable indicators to differentiate breast cancer patients from healthy individuals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fathia G. Jaat, Marwa F Alqallali, Nadia. M. Kermani, Sedik. A. Abokdeer, Omar. A. Murgham (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Municipality-Specific Determinants of Chronic Kidney Disease in Southern Libya: Comparative Analysis of Clinical, Behavioral, and Environmental Risk Factors"
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) poses a major public health challenge worldwide, with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Hypertension (HTN) being the leading drivers of progression to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). In Southern Libya, preliminary reports from Tasawa, Al-Qatrun, Traghen and Obari indicate an alarming rise in ESRD cases requiring dialysis.Objective: This study aims to compare clinical, behavioral, and environmental determinants of CKD across four Southern Libyan municipalities, identifying localized high-risk patterns to inform targeted prevention strategies.Methods: An integrated risk-assessment framework was applied, evaluating clinical factors (glycemic and blood pressure control), behavioral factors (obesity, chronic analgesic use, herbal remedies), and environmental exposures (groundwater quality, Total Dissolved Solids [TDS]). Comparative analyses were conducted to detect inter-municipality variations in CKD risk profiles. Results: Preliminary findings suggest heterogeneous distribution of risk factors, with specific municipalities exhibiting higher prevalence of uncontrolled DM, HTN, obesity, and exposure to poor-quality drinking water.Conclusion: Municipality-specific risk profiling provides essential evidence for targeted interventions and early CKD prevention strategies, reducing progression to ESRD in resource-limited settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ail Abd Alahrash, Abdusalam M. Abdull, Hind Ghaziti, Khaled. M.Aburas, Osama H. Almjdoub, Asmahan Abukhdir, Hajer Rashed, Nasrin Elfarrah, Salah Bahron (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Lipid Profile and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Zawia, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent endocrine disorder commonly associated with dyslipidemia, a major cardiovascular risk factor. This study evaluated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Zawia city, Libya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Diabetes Center in Zawia city, including 100 adults (50 T2DM patients and 50 non-diabetic controls). Fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid were measured using standard assays. Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation (p<0.05). Results: Compared with controls, T2DM patients had significantly lower total cholesterol (p=0.015), whereas triglycerides did not differ (p=0.47). FBS was markedly higher in the diabetes group (p<0.001). HbA1c showed a positive correlation with body weight (r=0.259, p=0.039) and was positively associated with age, with no significant sex difference. Conclusion: In this cohort, diabetic status was associated with lower total cholesterol but similar triglycerides compared with non-diabetic controls. Findings support prioritizing comprehensive risk reduction—glycemic optimization and weight management—while assessing lipid fractions beyond total cholesterol. Larger, multicenter studies with detailed lipoprotein profiling are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdalrauf Al-Fourti, Khayri A. Ali, Mahmoud B. Agena, Almabrok D. Saeed, Mohamed T. Saad, Mohamed D. Said (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Health Care Workers in Misurata towards Pap smear Screening Test for Cervical Cancer “A Public Women’s Health Concern.”
Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally, which is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus. Pap smear is still the easiest way and primary screening tool to detect early precursors to cervical cancer. Aim: The current study aims to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding Pap smear screening among healthcare workers in Misurata. Material and Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 221 healthcare workers in Misurata public hospitals using a self-administered KAP online questionnaire. Results: out of the 221 participants, only 11% demonstrated good knowledge of Pap smear screening, while 70.9% had moderate knowledge. 58.8% of them exhibited a negative attitude toward the test. However, only 12.2% reported practicing Pap smear screening. Knowledge levels were significantly associated with economic status, education level, age, and profession (p = 0.001, 0.002, 0.036, and 0.029), respectively. The attitude was not significantly affected by socio-demographic, pregnancy, or contraceptive use. Practice of the Pap smear test was significantly associated with contraceptive use and profession (p=0.026 and 0.014), respectively. Higher education, professional level, use of contraceptives, and higher knowledge scores were positively associated with Pap smear testing. (P-value 0.025 OR= 0.074, p-value 0.011, OR = 0.241, p-value= 0.043, OR= 0.367, and p-value 0.037, OR- 0.133 respectively). Conclusion: The majority of healthcare workers in Misurata demonstrated poor knowledge and low practice levels regarding Pap smear screening.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rehab. Eltayeb , Muftah Elbahloul , Osama H. Almajdoub (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology in Thyroid Lesions: A Comparative Study with Histopathological Examination
Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a rapid, minimally invasive, and cost-effective method for evaluating thyroid Lesions. However, its diagnostic performance varies depending on sampling technique, adequacy, and cytological interpretation. Aim: This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC compared with histopathological examination (HalPE). Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients who underwent thyroidectomy at the Department of General Surgery, Head and Neck Surgery, between June 2023 and October 2024. FNAC results were classified using the Bethesda system and compared with the final HPE. Diagnostic indices, including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), were calculated using Jamovi. Results: Thirty-five patients were included (mean age 43.5 ± 13.6 years; 94% females), FNAC showed a sensitivity of 77.8%, specificity of 52.9%, accuracy of 65.7%, PPV of 63.6%, and NPV of 69.2% when compared with HPE. The majority of malignant lesions were papillary thyroid carcinoma. Conclusion: FNAC continues to be a valuable first-line diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules, demonstrating good sensitivity but moderate specificity. HPE remains crucial for a definitive diagnosis. Larger, multicenter studies are recommended to validate these findings and to enhance diagnostic reliability through better sampling and cytological expertise.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aiesha Imbarek Ibrahim, Abdussalam Mohamed Hounki, Yousef M Ali Hasen, Magbula Moraga Kaziri, Alshareef Jummah Salim, Hamza Alqantry Emhalhel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Efficacy and Safety of Probiotic Supplementation in Preventing Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal condition that affects preterm infants and is still linked to high levels of illness and death. Despite advances in neonatal care, effective prevention methods remain limited. Probiotic supplementation has garnered attention as a promising intervention, but uncertainty persists regarding which strains are most effective. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of probiotics in preventing NEC and to identify the regimens that offer the greatest protective benefits. Material and Methods: A thorough search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted to find randomized controlled trials assessing probiotics for NEC prevention. Primary outcomes included NEC incidence (≥ Stage II), all-cause mortality, and late-onset sepsis. Random-effects models calculated risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup analyses were performed based on probiotic strains, feeding type, birth weight, and baseline NEC risk. The GRADE method was used to assess the quality of evidence. Results: Fifty-one trials involving 10,664 infants and 29 probiotic regimens were included. Probiotics significantly lowered NEC incidence, mortality, and late-onset sepsis. The most effective regimens combined Bovine lactoferrin with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus LB. Multi-strain probiotics outperformed single-strain formulations. Benefits were observed in both human milk-fed and formula-fed infants, and no cases of probiotic-associated sepsis were reported. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation is a safe and effective strategy for reducing NEC, mortality, and sepsis in preterm infants. Multi-strain regimens, especially those containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or Bovine lactoferrin, show the highest efficacy and could be considered for standard use in neonatal care settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amani EH Bidalla, Ahmed S Mkeal, Rasha J Abraheem, Shadin Jummah Abraheem, Mahmoud A. Aloriby, Mohamed K A Elkawafi, Hamza A Osman, Abdulmunaim A.M Elkarimi, sabah salah abd alaleam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
"Safety assessment of dexamethasone administration during pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional study"
Background: Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid drug, is used to treat a variety of conditions, including rheumatism, severe allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, croup, brain swelling, eye pain after eye surgery, superior vena cava syndrome (a side effect of some types of cancer), and tuberculosis in conjunction with steroids.Aim of the study: The present study aims to evaluate the extent of the safe use of the drug dexamethasone, its effectiveness, and its side effects on pregnant women. Material and Method: 484 participants were surveyed using a paper questionnaire that included several information about social and drug side effects. The data were analyzed statistically by using SPSS v. 27. Results: our results suggest that there is no statistically significant association between taking dexamethasone during pregnancy and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, need for hospitalization, or depression and psychological pressure. However, there is a statistically significant association between taking dexamethasone and the awareness of lung acupuncture. Conclusion: Dexamethasone use during pregnancy is not substantially linked to an elevated risk of common pregnancy-related problems, such as gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, according to the study's findings. Hospitalization due to pregnancy, psychological anguish, or depression.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suhila Alhadi Atwier, Hager Tahir Ali , Entesar Rajeb Knaz , Asmahan. A.Abukhdir , Rabab Almabrok Alhade. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical, Radiological and Procedural Perspectives on Pediatric Foreign Body Aspiration: A Retrospective Analysis from Benghazi Children’s Hospital, Libya
Background: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in preschool-aged children, especially in low-resource areas where diagnosis may be delayed. This study aimed to describe the clinical, radiological, and procedural features of paediatric FBA in a single tertiary centre in Libya. Material and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted for all children aged 16 years and younger with suspected FBA at Benghazi Children’s Hospital in 2019. The data included demographics, symptoms, imaging results, and bronchoscopy findings. All of the patients in this study underwent rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Results: Sixty-six children (mean age 2.9 years; 62.1% male) were analysed. Cough (90.9%) and observed choking (86.4%) were the most prevalent symptoms. Chest X-rays were normal in 72.7% of cases. Rigid bronchoscopy revealed FBA in 69.7%, mainly vegetative material like peanuts and seeds. The right main bronchus was the most common location (50%). Fever, wheezing, and a history of previous infections were associated with a significant delay in diagnosis (P < 0.05). Operative success was greater than 95% and complications were rare. Conclusion: In pediatric FBA, normal radiographs are not predictive of non-aspiration. Diagnosis is still established through rigid bronchoscopy, and treatment is also performed through this method. A high degree of clinical suspicion is necessary, in particular in low-resource settings. This study offers critical regional data to inform practice and prevention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yosef Hassan Saeed, Mohammed Shultami, Rugaia Adris Alfdly, Salem Aldrsy, Mahmuod Aloriby, Yousef M Ali Hasen, Farag A Bleiblo, Moutaz F. Gebril, Tarik Ali Alghoj, Ahmed .S.Mikael, Nada. M.Heebah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Risk Factors of NSAID-Induced Respiratory Reactions Among Asthmatic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zawia City, Libya.
Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed for managing pain and inflammation. However, they may provoke respiratory reactions in asthmatic patients, with limited data available from Libya. Objectives: This study aims to assess the prevalence, patterns, and risk factors associated with NSAID-related respiratory reactions among asthmatic patients in Zawia City, Libya.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 158 asthmatic patients. Participants completed a structured questionnaire that collected data on demographics, comorbidities, NSAID usage, and respiratory symptoms. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: Among the participants, 91.8% reported NSAID use, with 64% experiencing shortness of breath following consumption. The frequency of NSAID use, along with comorbid conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease, was significantly associated with an increased risk of respiratory reactions. Conclusion: NSAID-related respiratory reactions are prevalent among asthmatic patients in Zawia City. These findings underscore the importance of patient education, clinical monitoring, and cautious NSAID prescribing to mitigate potential respiratory risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulhakim Naffati, Fateh Mostafa Alsalami, Fathi Muftahi Naser , Rabab Almabrouk Salih, Emhamed Boras, Nasrien Elfarrah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Early Iron Supplementation on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants: A Meta-analysis
Background: Iron deficiency during the critical window of early life can adversely affect long-term brain development. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively evaluate the impact of early iron supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants to inform clinical practice. Material and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases from inception to May 2025. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating iron supplementation in infants aged 0–24 months that reported neurodevelopmental outcomes. The primary outcome measured was the Mental Development Index (MDI), while secondary outcomes included iron status parameters and behavioral assessments. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane tool and evaluated the overall quality of evidence using GRADE criteria. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis; eight studies (n=561 infants) were eligible for meta-analysis. Iron supplementation was associated with significant improvements in MDI scores (Mean Difference [MD] 2.27; 95% CI: 1.43 to 3.12; I²=18%). Subgroup analyses revealed substantially greater benefits in preterm and low birth weight infants (MD 3.1; 95% CI: 1.8 to 4.4) compared to term infants (MD 1.2; 95% CI: 0.3 to 2.1). Interventions starting earlier (0–3 months) showed greater neurodevelopmental benefits than those starting later (4–6 months). Additionally, supplementation significantly reduced externalizing behavioral problems (Risk Ratio [RR] 0.36; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.76) and improved hemoglobin levels (MD 0.42 g/dL). Adverse events were rare, with only constipation showing a significant increase (RR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.49). Conclusion: Early iron supplementation positively impacts neurodevelopmental outcomes, with the most pronounced benefits observed in high-risk groups such as preterm and low birth weight infants. Crucially, the timing of supplementation appears vital, with earlier intervention yielding superior cognitive results. These findings strongly support current recommendations for iron supplementation in infancy, specifically prioritizing at-risk populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nouri Mumash, Ahmed S. Mikeal, Mohammed M. Makhzom3, Ibrahim M. Altaib, Ebtihaj S. Durman, Asmaa M. Aqoub, Abdulnasir J. Yunus, Jamal A. Bilrrahal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Factors Influencing Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Adult Patients after General Anesthesia
Background: After surgery, the LRTIs are significant, as they can result in prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and higher morbidity rates. Aim: This study investigated the risk factors in adult patients aged 20 to 40 who have undergone general anesthesia associated with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Material and method: Data were analyzed from 40 patients who underwent surgery with general anesthesia at Zawia Hospitals in Libya City between May and August 2023. Results: The analysis revealed that diabetes, intraoperative blood transfusions, and the type of surgery performed were significant risk factors for developing lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Notably, diabetic patients were 0.04 times less likely to develop an LRTI compared to non-diabetic patients. Furthermore, receiving blood transfusions and undergoing cholecystectomy were associated with an increased risk of infection. Pathogen analysis indicated a diverse range of infections, with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida species being the most prevalent. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of effectively managing diabetes, carefully considering blood transfusion needs, and choosing appropriate surgical procedures to lower the risk of LRTIs in patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rabab Almabrouk Salih, Fatima Ali Al AshkHam, Elham Mohammed Almurabet, Hala Moktar Elgziati, Ghada Emhemed Algblawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The use of Spirometry in COPD diagnosis, auditing a snap shot of the current practice in a Libyan tertiary center’s Chest unit.
Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent condition in Benghazi, Libya, and is well-known to impose a significant burden on global mortality and morbidity. International guidelines firmly establish spirometry as the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring COPD. However, in routine clinical practice, it is often observed that a diagnosis of COPD is made on clinical grounds alone, without the crucial objective confirmation provided by spirometric testing. Objective: This audit aimed to explore the practice of using spirometry to diagnose COPD, as recommended by international standards, within the Chest Unit of Benghazi Medical Center (BMC). Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patient files available in the chest unit during March 2023. Data about patients' demographics and diagnostic workups, particularly the rationale relied upon by physicians to make the diagnosis, including imaging and pulmonary function tests they were compared to the standard practice recommended by the GOLD guidelines for COPD diagnosis. Results: From a total of 1129 outpatient files, we identified 143 patients who had been labeled as having COPD. Their ages ranged from 36 to 85 years, and the vast majority were male. Our analysis revealed that only 88 of these 143 COPD patients (61.5%) had undergone spirometer testing, while the remaining 55 patients (38.5%) had been diagnosed without this essential investigation. Smoking status was not detailed in 41 patients (28.7%), chest radiographs were absent from the files in 67.8% of cases, and CT scans of the chest were documented in only 28.7% of patients. Conclusion: We, in total, achieved 62% of the audit's standard for spirometry use, leading to the inference that spirometry remains underused in the diagnosis of COPD in this snapshot.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashraf M. Rajab, Khalid A. Gaber (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0