Gender discrepancy in CardioVascular Disease prevalence & risk factors among diabetic patients at Tripoli – Libya (between 2013 & 2022)

Samia A Ali Elmiladi; Elham O Elgdhafi; Ali A. Alahrash

doi:10.54361/ljmr.162007

Authors

Samia A Ali Elmiladi Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, Libya Author
Elham O Elgdhafi Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, Libya Author
Ali A. Alahrash Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Libya Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54361/ljmr.162007

Keywords:

Diabetes Mellitus, Body Mass Index, CVD, Cardio-Vascular Disease

Abstract

Cardio-Vascular Disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death among diabetic patients. Aim: To compare the CVD prevalence and assess the CVD risks between females and males diabetic patients. Methods: All patients with diabetes who attended the outpatient clinic at National Diabetes Hospital from Sep 2013 to April 2022 were interviewed and examined, demography data about their ages, smoking habits, Body Mass Index measures, history of prior cardiovascular events, blood pressure measurement and fasting lipid profile were collected, these data were analyzed Statistically by SPP. Results: 1060patients have completed the study,689 females representing (65%), the mean age was 54.07±14.5 years, Bodyweight of the studied patients ranged from 44 kg to 186 kg (85.66 ±1.73) underweight was seen in 1.4%, normal BMI seen in 15.8%,and 828 (78.55%) have uncontrolled body weight. The duration of diabetes varying from newly diabetes (20.3%) to more than ten years duration (37.9%). (72%) of the patients were Non-smokers, (27.2%) had uncontrolled blood pressure. Uncontrolled dyslipidemia was seen in (7.1 %), uncontrolled hyperglycemia was seen in (62.9 %), and Established CVD was positive in (23.2%). Those who are54 to74 years of age had multiple CVD risk factors were female patients, with long standing of history of diabetes (more than 10 years), had uncontrolled hyperglycemia (HBA1c>10g%), uncontrolled body weight, uncontrolled blood pressure, and dyslipidemia as well. Conclusion: This study shows that female diabetic patients have higher CVD risk factors than male diabetic patients sharing the same age and the same duration of diabetes. The male diabetic Smokers have a significant CVD risk. Recommendation: increase the awareness of females' diabetic patients regarding the early symptoms of cardiovascular diseases, the importance of preventive measures against CVD risks of diabetes, and the importance of regular follow up especially in females.

References

International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. 6. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2013.

Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million. participants. Lancet. 2011;378:31– 40.

Tobias M. Global control of diabetes: information for action. Lancet. 2011; 378:3–4.

Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2015; 131 : e29–322.

Leening MJ, Ferket BS, Steyerberg EW, et al. Sex differences in lifetime risk and first manifestation of cardiovascular disease: prospective population based cohort study. BMJ (Clin Res ed) 2014;349:g5992,

Morrish NJ, Wang SL, Stevens LK, Fuller JH, Keen H. Mortality and causes of death in the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetologia. 2001;44(S uppl 2):S14–21.

Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Diabetes as risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts including 858,507 individuals and 28,203 coronary events. Diabetologia. 2014;57:154 2–51.

Huxley R, Barzi F, Woodward M. Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. BMJ (Clin Res ed) 2006;332:73–8

S. Peters, P. Muntner and M. Wood. Sex Differences in the Prevalence of, and Trends in, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Treatment, and Control in the United States, 2001 to 2016. Circulation Vol. 139, No. 8.

H. Zhang, J. Ni, C. Yu, Y. Wu, J. Li, J. Liu, J. Tu, X. Ning, Q. He and J. Wang. Sex-Based Differences in Diabetes Prevalence and Risk Factors: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study Among Low-Income Adults in China. Endocrinol., 25 September 2019, Sec. Clinical Diabetes.

M. de Jong, S. Peters, R. de Ritter, C. van der Kallen, S. Sep, M. Woodward, C. Stehouwer, M. Bots and R. Vos. Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk Factor Assessment and Screening for Diabetes-Related Complications in Individuals With Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Endocrinology, 30 March 2021, Sec. Clinical Diabetes.

R. Huxley, F. Barzi, M. Woodward. Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2006; 332-73.

Peters S.A., Huxley R.R., Woodward M. Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775,385 individuals and 12,539 strokes. Lancet. 2014; 383: 1973– 1980.

Peters S.A., Huxley R.R., Sattar N., Woodward M. Sex Differences in the Excess Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Explanations and Clinical Implications. Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep. 2015; 9:36.

Rosalinda M, Carmela R B. Salvatore D R. Saverio M. Stefano S. Giancarlo S. Péter F and Raffaele De C. Impact of Sex Differences and Diabetes on Coronary Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Disease, J Clin Med. 2019 Jan; 8(1): 98.

Sanne P. Rachel H. Naveed S. and M Woodward. Sex Differences in the Excess Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Explanations and Clinical Implications. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2015; 9(7): 36.