Aqueous Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia resinifera: Effect of Calcination on Crystallinity, Thermal Stability, and Antibacterial Activity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54361/LJMR.20.3.103Keywords:
Silver nanoparticles, Euphorbia resinifera, green synthesis, calcination, crystallinity, antibacterial activityAbstract
Background: This study presents the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Euphorbia resinifera. Methods: The synthesis of AgNPs was conducted using Euphorbia resinifera extract as a reducing and capping agent. The resulting nanoparticles were characterised using UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystallite sizes were evaluated using the Scherrer equation, and the antibacterial potential of the synthesized AgNPs was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results: UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 421 nm with an absorbance of 0.47, confirming AgNP formation. TGA demonstrated that uncalcined AgNPs underwent a 37–38% weight loss up to 600 °C due to organic decomposition, whereas calcined AgNPs retained ̴ 91% mass stability at 600 °C. XRD analysis confirmed a face-centred cubic (FCC) structure with reflections at (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes. Following calculation, the apparent crystallite-domain size increased from 32.9 to 54.8 nm, accompanied by a decrease in FWHM from 0.2558° to 0.1535°. Additionally, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited clear antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that Euphorbia resinifera is a viable source for the green synthesis of crystalline, biologically active silver-containing nanomaterials.
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