A Comprehensive Review of Respiratory Failure: Pathogenesis, Clinical Strategies, Ethical Challenges, and Preventive Approaches: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54361/LJMR.19.2.28Keywords:
Respiration, Respiratory Failure, Definition, Classifications, Causes, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Complications, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention, as well as Ethical ConsiderationsAbstract
Background: Respiration is a fundamental biological process that sustains life through the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and its environment. This perfectly balanced mechanism is vulnerable to disruptions from many causes, leading to various respiratory disorders. Among these, respiratory failure represents the most serious outcome, when the body is no longer able to maintain adequate gas exchange. Understanding this condition is crucial, as it lies at the intersection of physiology, pathology, and clinical care. Objectives: This review aims to clarify the principles of respiration and provide a clear definition of respiratory failure. It classifies the main types, examines the underlying causes and pathogenesis, and describes the symptoms patients may present with, as well as potential complications. It also addresses diagnostic methods, available therapeutic options, and prevention strategies. The ethical aspects of care are also highlighted, emphasizing the responsibility of clinicians in decision-making. Ultimately, this review aims to provide healthcare professionals with an integrated perspective that can improve patient outcomes and guide future clinical and research work. Conclusion: Our “Beyond Breath” journey redefines respiratory failure as a physiological crisis and a paradox. Three key insights define the way forward. First, the COVID-19 pandemic has blurred the line between acute and chronic respiratory failure, making integration essential. Second, while mechanical ventilation remains vital, its risks require AI-based lung-protective approaches aligned with natural physiology. Third, the inseparable link between mind and breath underscores the importance of psychological support in recovery. Looking ahead, respiratory medicine is entering a transformative era that unites science, technology, and humanism. “Breathing for others is the highest calling of medicine; our actions today shape our future, with Allah’s permission.”
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